ArticleThe Laryngoscope2015
Cytokine, chemokine, and Toll-like receptor expression in middle ear fluids of children with acute otitis media.
Article in The Laryngoscope, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pattern recognition receptor signaling in otitis media: immune crosstalk and pathogenic mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Resolution of otitis media in a humanized mouse model.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Effect of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Diesel Exhaust Particles Inhalation in Mouse Model of LPS Induced Acute Otitis Media.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Immunomodulation as a Protective Strategy in Chronic Otitis Media.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and apoptosis of human middle ear epithelial cells via regulating the miR-301b-3p/TLR4 axis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2021Article
- Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Innate Immunity in the Middle Ear Mucosa.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Panel 8: Vaccines and immunology.International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology · 2020Review
- An Atlas of Genetic Variation Linking Pathogen-Induced Cellular Traits to Human Disease.Cell host & microbe · 2018Article
- Review
- TLR2 promotes macrophage recruitment and Streptococcus pneumoniae clearance during mouse otitis media.Pediatric research · 2016Article
- Differences in innate immune response gene regulation in the middle ear of children who are otitis prone and in those not otitis prone.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2016Article
- Ten-Year Study of the Stringently Defined Otitis-prone Child in Rochester, NY.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2016Review
- Evaluation of the Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist and Immunoregulatory Interleukin-10 in the Middle Ear in Chronic Otitis Media With Effusion in Children With and Without Atopy.Clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology · 2016Article
- Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells and Chronic Inflammation in the Middle Ear in a Mouse Model of Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion Induced by Combined Eustachian Tube Blockage and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Infection.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- Innate Immunity: Orchestrating Inflammation and Resolution of Otitis Media.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2016Review
- A new model for non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae middle ear infection in the Junbo mutant mouse.Disease models & mechanisms · 2016Article
- Genetic Polymorphisms of Functional Candidate Genes and Recurrent Acute Otitis Media With or Without Tympanic Membrane Perforation.Medicine · 2015Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectives/hypothesisAcute otitis media (AOM) is a common bacterial infection in childhood that causes an inflammatory response in the middle ear. Leukocytes produce different inflammatory molecules in vitro when stimulated with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The major causes of AOM are Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis. We sought to assess differences in cytokines, chemokines, and expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) at onset of AOM based on bacterial culture results. STUDY
designMiddle ear fluid (MEF) from 66 children with AOM was studied.
methodsInnate immune genes, cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL1-β; tumor necrosis factor-α), chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCR5, CXCR3), and Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9) expression was measured using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from MEF collected in vivo by tympanocentesis.
resultsCulture-positive MEF had higher levels of all cytokines and chemokines (9-300-fold) as compared to MEF that was culture negative. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive/culture-negative MEF for otopathogens showed significant differences (P < .01) in TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 expression (6-31-fold), but cytokine and chemokine levels were similar compared to PCR-negative/culture-negative MEF. No significant differences were found in the cytokine/chemokine/TLR levels among the bacterial otopathogen species. However, higher levels of TLRs, and all the cytokine and chemokines were detected when more than one bacterial species was present compared to single otopathogens.
conclusionsExpression levels of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and TLRs are elevated in AOM children with a bacterial otopathogen, and are dependent on the number of bacterial species identified.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.