GuidelineAnnals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology2015
The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014.
Guideline in Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,803 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Prospective Multicenter Open-label, Randomized Phase II Study of Pembrolizumab in Combination With Neoadjuvant EC-Paclitaxel Regimen in HER2-negative Inflammatory Breast Cancer.
Phenotypic Characterization Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes at Diagnosis and After Chemotherapy in Advanced High-grade Serous Ovarian Cancer in Blood, Ascites, Peritoneal Biopsy
Study of the Modifications of the Immune Microenvironment Induced by Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Triple-negative Breast Cancers
Prognostic and Predictive Value of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Programmed Cell Death - Ligand 1 in Breast Cancer
Who cites it
1,803 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The translational chasm in machine learning for triple-negative breast cancer: a quantitative landscape assessment.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- CDK4/6 inhibitors as conditional immune-priming agents in breast cancer: therapeutic windows, sequencing strategies, and rational combinations with immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and antibody-drug conjugates.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes as a Predictor of Adjuvant Avelumab Efficacy in Patients with High-risk Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Trial
- Atezolizumab in early triple-negative breast cancer: the randomized phase 3 NSABP B-59/GeparDouze trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Efficacy, safety, and biomarker analysis of neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus apatinib as a chemotherapy-free strategy for early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: a phase II study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Trial
- A Randomized, Phase II Clinical Trial of FLT-PET and FDG-PET for Early Response Assessment of Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Trial
- Single-fraction or multi-fraction stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy followed by atezolizumab in advanced triple-negative breast cancer: a randomized phase II trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Computationally Derived Spatial Immune Signature Identifies Trastuzumab Responders in HER2+ Breast Cancer: NSABP B-41 Clinical Trial Validation.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Trial
- Carboplatin with or without nivolumab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a randomized phase II trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Neoadjuvant palbociclib and endocrine therapy versus chemotherapy in ER + /HER2- breast cancer: a randomized phase II trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Pembrolizumab and Paclitaxel in Patients with HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer with HER2-Enriched or Basal-like Subtypes.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Trial
- Associations between tumor immune response and prognosis in node-negative breast cancer patients in the randomized DBCG HYPO trial.BMC cancer · 2026Trial
- Talimogene laherparepvec and atezolizumab in HER2-negative breast cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a window-of-opportunity phase II trial (SOLTI-1503 PROMETEO).Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Neoadjuvant therapy with an aromatase inhibitor and durvalumab in postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Trial
- Prognostic value of visually and computationally assessed tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TBCRC-030).Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Trial
- Sitravatinib plus tislelizumab in locally recurrent or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a multi-cohort, single-arm, phase II clinical trial (SPARK Trial).Molecular cancer · 2025Trial
- Efficacy, safety, and predictive biomarkers of neoadjuvant nab-paclitaxel and pembrolizumab in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: A randomized pilot trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Evaluation of short-course durvalumab combined with dose-dense EC in the neoadjuvant setting for locally advanced luminal B/HER2(-) or triple-negative breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Trial
- Multi-platform analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment associated with breast cancer subtypes.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Effects of short-course preoperative endocrine therapy on tumour morphology and immunohistochemical profile in oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer.Histopathology · 2026Article
1,743 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
33 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe morphological evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer (BC) is gaining momentum as evidence strengthens for the clinical relevance of this immunological biomarker. Accumulating evidence suggests that the extent of lymphocytic infiltration in tumor tissue can be assessed as a major parameter by evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tumor sections. TILs have been shown to provide prognostic and potentially predictive value, particularly in triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing BC.
designA standardized methodology for evaluating TILs is now needed as a prerequisite for integrating this parameter in standard histopathological practice, in a research setting as well as in clinical trials. This article reviews current data on the clinical validity and utility of TILs in BC in an effort to foster better knowledge and insight in this rapidly evolving field, and to develop a standardized methodology for visual assessment on H&E sections, acknowledging the future potential of molecular/multiplexed approaches.
conclusionsThe methodology provided is sufficiently detailed to offer a uniformly applied, pragmatic starting point and improve consistency and reproducibility in the measurement of TILs for future studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.