ReviewThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2014
Antiviral combinations for severe influenza.
Review in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT03394209 (An Adaptive Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Favipiravir in Patients With Severe), which is not on this map. Cited by 90 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
An Adaptive Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Favipiravir in Patients With Severe
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 176 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hajj-associated viral respiratory infections: A systematic review.Travel medicine and infectious diseasePooled it
- Effects of Baloxavir Marboxil Plus Neuraminidase Inhibitor vs Neuraminidase Inhibitor in High-risk Patients Hospitalized With Severe Influenza: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Flagstone Trial.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2020Trial
- Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of pimodivir, a novel, non-nucleoside polymerase basic protein 2 subunit inhibitor of the influenza A virus polymerase complex, and interaction with oseltamivir: a Phase 1 open-label study in healthy volunteers.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2018Trial
- Cereblon promotes influenza A virus replication through AMPK ubiquitination.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Host nucleolin-targeting unique peptide drugs as potent broad-spectrum anti-influenza therapies.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Antiviral Resistance in Influenza: Clinical and Public Health Implications.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Review
- Combinations of Favipiravir with Doxycycline, Azithromycin or Ivermectin Exert Synergistic Effects Against Influenza A H3N2 Virus Replication.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Timing-specific efficacy of antiviral baloxavir and anti-inflammatory oclacitinib monotherapies, and the benefits of their combination in treating influenza in mice.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Dynamic regulatory mechanism of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase-mediated antiviral response in RNA virus infections.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Host cell entry receptors as pharmacological targets in respiratory viral infections: from biology to clinical translation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Modeling Influenza Antiviral Strategies: Reducing Burden and Preventing Resistance.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Potential Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents: A Key Arsenal Against Newly Emerging and Reemerging Respiratory RNA Viruses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Outlining recent updates on influenza therapeutics and vaccines: A comprehensive review.Vaccine: X · 2024Review
- An orally active entry inhibitor of influenza A viruses protects mice and synergizes with oseltamivir and baloxavir marboxil.Science advances · 2024Article
- Article
- Fc-fused IL-7 provides broad antiviral effects against respiratory virus infections through IL-17A-producing pulmonary innate-like T cells.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- A Universal Aptamer for Influenza A Viruses: Selection, Recognition, and Infection Inhibition.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Article
- Research progress on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine regulating intestinal microbiota to combat influenza a virus infection.Virology journal · 2023Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Observational data suggest that the treatment of influenza infection with neuraminidase inhibitors decreases progression to more severe illness, especially when treatment is started soon after symptom onset. However, even early treatment might fail to prevent complications in some patients, particularly those infected with novel viruses such as the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1, avian influenza A H5N1 virus subtype, or the avian influenza A H7N9 virus subtype. Furthermore, treatment with one antiviral drug might promote the development of antiviral resistance, especially in immunocompromised hosts and critically ill patients. An obvious strategy to optimise antiviral therapy is to combine drugs with different modes of action. Because host immune responses to infection might also contribute to illness pathogenesis, improved outcomes might be gained from the combination of antiviral therapy with drugs that modulate the immune response in an infected individual. We review available data from preclinical and clinical studies of combination antiviral therapy and of combined antiviral-immunomodulator therapy for influenza. Early-stage data draw attention to several promising antiviral combinations with therapeutic potential in severe infections, but there remains a need to substantiate clinical benefit. Combination therapies with favourable experimental data need to be tested in carefully designed aclinical trials to assess their efficacy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.