ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2014
Co-infection of long-term carriers of Plasmodium falciparum with Schistosoma haematobium enhances protection from febrile malaria: a prospective cohort study in Mali.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01322581 (A Longitudinal Systems Biological Analysis of Naturally Acquired Malaria Immunity in Mali), which is not on this map. Cited by 33 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Longitudinal Systems Biological Analysis of Naturally Acquired Malaria Immunity in Mali
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Over-dispersion in malaria-schistosoma co-infection: insights from a meta-analytical approach and systematic review.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Pooled it
- Shared risk factors for malaria and schistosomiasis co-infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum coinfection with Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni among children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Malaria journal · 2026Pooled it
- Malaria and helminth co-infections in children living in endemic countries: A systematic review with meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Pooled it
- The extent, nature, and pathogenic consequences of helminth polyparasitism in humans: A meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Plasmodium falciparum Infection Status among Children with Schistosoma in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Longitudinal analysis of naturally acquired PfEMP1 CIDR domain variant antibodies identifies associations with malaria protection.JCI insight · 2020Trial
- Sero-epidemiological and functional evaluation of IgG specific for a cysteine protease inhibitor ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Helminth coinfections mitigate clinical, parasitological, and immune outcomes in Mozambican children with malaria.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Stage specific immune responses to schistosomes may explain conflicting results in malaria-schistosome coinfection studies.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2025Article
- Marked heterogeneity in malaria infection rate in a Malian longitudinal cohort.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Prevalence of malaria andParasite epidemiology and control · 2025Review
- Whole blood transcriptomics analysis of Indonesians reveals translocated and pathogenic microbiota in blood.PloS one · 2025Article
- The gut microbiome is associated with susceptibility to febrile malaria in Malian children.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Susceptibility to febrile malaria is associated with an inflammatory gut microbiome.Research square · 2024Article
- Have there been efforts to integrate malaria and schistosomiasis prevention and control programs? A scoping review of the literature.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum carriage and clinical disease: a 5-year community-based longitudinal study in The Gambia.Malaria journal · 2023Article
- Evidence for exposure dependent carriage of malaria parasites across the dry season: modelling analysis of longitudinal data.Malaria journal · 2023Article
- Molecular profiling reveals features of clinical immunity and immunosuppression in asymptomatic P. falciparum malaria.Molecular systems biology · 2022Article
- Acquired Clinical Immunity to Malaria in Nonhuman Primates Coinfected withInfection and immunity · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMalaria and schistosomiasis often overlap in tropical and subtropical countries and impose tremendous disease burdens; however, the extent to which schistosomiasis modifies the risk of febrile malaria remains unclear.
methodsWe evaluated the effect of baseline S. haematobium mono-infection, baseline P. falciparum mono-infection, and co-infection with both parasites on the risk of febrile malaria in a prospective cohort study of 616 children and adults living in Kalifabougou, Mali. Individuals with S. haematobium were treated with praziquantel within 6 weeks of enrollment. Malaria episodes were detected by weekly physical examination and self-referral for 7 months. The primary outcome was time to first or only malaria episode defined as fever (≥ 37.5 °C) and parasitemia (≥ 2500 asexual parasites/µl). Secondary definitions of malaria using different parasite densities were also explored.
resultsAfter adjusting for age, anemia status, sickle cell trait, distance from home to river, residence within a cluster of high S. haematobium transmission, and housing type, baseline P. falciparum mono-infection (n = 254) and co-infection (n = 39) were significantly associated with protection from febrile malaria by Cox regression (hazard ratios 0.71 and 0.44; P = 0.01 and 0.02; reference group: uninfected at baseline). Baseline S. haematobium mono-infection (n = 23) did not associate with malaria protection in the adjusted analysis, but this may be due to lack of statistical power. Anemia significantly interacted with co-infection (P = 0.009), and the malaria-protective effect of co-infection was strongest in non-anemic individuals. Co-infection was an independent negative predictor of lower parasite density at the first febrile malaria episode.
conclusionsCo-infection with S. haematobium and P. falciparum is significantly associated with reduced risk of febrile malaria in long-term asymptomatic carriers of P. falciparum. Future studies are needed to determine whether co-infection induces immunomodulatory mechanisms that protect against febrile malaria or whether genetic, behavioral, or environmental factors not accounted for here explain these findings.
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