ReviewHormones and behavior2014
Estradiol and cognitive function: past, present and future.
Review in Hormones and behavior, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 211 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
211 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 458 citations in OpenAlex.
- ADHD and Sex Hormones in Females: A Systematic Review.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Depression and obesity among females, are sex specificities considered?Archives of women's mental health · 2021Pooled it
- Evidence for a robust, estradiol-associated sex difference in narrative-writing fluency.Neuropsychology · 2021Pooled it
- Lifespan exposure to hormone therapies and structural brain morphometry in older women.NeuroImage · 2026Trial
- Effect of oral contraceptive consumption timing on substrate metabolism, cognition, and exercise performance in females: a randomised controlled trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Trial
- Effect of exercise alone and in combination with time-restricted eating on cognitive health in menopausal women.Frontiers in public health · 2025Trial
- Associations between pituitary-ovarian hormones and cognition in recently menopausal women independent of type of hormone therapy.Maturitas · 2023Trial
- Dose-dependent effects of estrogen on prediction error related neural activity in the nucleus accumbens of healthy young women.Psychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Increased p-Tau181 Levels After Overnight Wakefulness Are Associated With Neuroticism in Young Women.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- GPER in murine astrocytes and mural cells promotes neurovascular coupling and Aβ clearance.Research square · 2026Article
- The inhibitors of 17β-HSD10: are they any good?RSC chemical biology · 2026Review
- Impairment of Executive Functions in Premenstrual Syndrome: State or Trait?Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Exploration of key stress granule-related genes in chronic sinusitis based on transcriptomics.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Physiological Mechanisms in Pregnancy and Their Relevance to the Clinical Management of Perinatal Mental Illness.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Pharmacological Management of ADHD in Women Across Perimenopause, Menopause and Post-Menopause.Drugs & aging · 2026Review
- The role of ovarian hormones in risk aversion in female rats.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Sphingolipids in Emotional Well-Being.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Review
- Effects of Sex, Estradiol, and Acute Stress on Spontaneous Recovery of a Conditioned Touchscreen Response in Rats.Neuroscience insights · 2026Article
- Sex-Dependent Effects of Rivastigmine on Melatonin Receptors in Middle-Aged Rats.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2026Article
- High intellectual ability and the gut-brain-sex steroids axis: a perspective on cognitive and emotional diversity.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
151 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A historical perspective on estradiol's enhancement of cognitive function is presented, and research, primarily in animals, but also in humans, is reviewed. Data regarding the mechanisms underlying the enhancements are discussed. Newer studies showing rapid effects of estradiol on consolidation of memory through membrane interactions and activation of inter-cellular signaling pathways are reviewed as well as studies focused on traditional genomic mechanisms. Recent demonstrations of intra-neuronal estradiol synthesis and possible actions as a neurosteroid to promote memory are discussed. This information is applied to the critical issue of the current lack of effective hormonal (or other) treatments for cognitive decline associated with menopause and aging. Finally, the critical period hypothesis for estradiol effects is discussed along with novel strategies for hormone/drug development. Overall, the historical record documents that estradiol positively impacts some aspects of cognitive function, but effective therapeutic interventions using this hormone have yet to be realized.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.