ArticleVaccine2014
The Split Virus Influenza Vaccine rapidly activates immune cells through Fcγ receptors.
Article in Vaccine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Protective Mechanisms Against a Pandemic Respiratory Virus: B-Cell, T-cell, and General Immune Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Year 3, 2011
Protective Mechanisms Against a Pandemic Respiratory Virus: B-cell, T-cell, and General Immune Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Year 4, 2012
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preexisting IgG forms immune complexes and links local thermal reactogenicity with immunogenicity in influenza vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Immunopotentiation by Natural Extracts: Mechanisms and Applications in Influenza Vaccine Adjuvant Development.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Planning for the future of the American Society for Microbiology's Health Unit by the Council on Microbial Sciences.mSphere · 2026Review
- Integrated analysis of humoral and memory B-cell responses reveals distinct immune landscapes shaped by influenza vaccine platforms.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Broadly Protective Neuraminidase-Based Influenza Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies: Target Epitopes and Mechanisms of Action.Viruses · 2023Review
- Immune interference in effectiveness of influenza and COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Immunization with inactivated whole virus particle influenza virus vaccines improves the humoral response landscape in cynomolgus macaques.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Review
- Review
- Single-cell peripheral immunoprofiling of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.Science advances · 2020Article
- Article
- The FluPRINT dataset, a multidimensional analysis of the influenza vaccine imprint on the immune system.Scientific data · 2019Article
- The role of systems biology approaches in determining molecular signatures for the development of more effective vaccines.Expert review of vaccines · 2019Review
- Prime and Boost Vaccination Elicit a Distinct Innate Myeloid Cell Immune Response.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Characterization of T-cell immune responses in clinical trials of the candidate RTS,S malaria vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Review
- An adjuvant-modulated vaccine response in human whole blood.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Article
- Serial Vaccination and the Antigenic Distance Hypothesis: Effects on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness During A(H3N2) Epidemics in Canada, 2010-2011 to 2014-2015.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Heparin reduces nonspecific eosinophil staining artifacts in mass cytometry experiments.Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology · 2016Article
- Role of Immune Aging in Susceptibility to West Nile Virus.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccination is one of the most common medical procedures and yet the extent to which it activates the immune system beyond inducing antibody production is not well understood. In the United States, the most prevalent formulations of the vaccine consist of degraded or "split" viral particles distributed without any adjuvants. Based on previous reports we sought to determine whether the split influenza vaccine activates innate immune receptors-specifically Toll-like receptors. High-dimensional proteomic profiling of human whole-blood using Cytometry by Time-of-Flight (CyTOF) was used to compare signaling pathway activation and cytokine production between the split influenza vaccine and a prototypical TLR response ex vivo. This analysis revealed that the split vaccine rapidly and potently activates multiple immune cell types but yields a proteomic signature quite distinct from TLR activation. Importantly, vaccine induced activity was dependent upon the presence of human sera indicating that a serum factor was necessary for vaccine-dependent immune activation. We found this serum factor to be human antibodies specific for influenza proteins and therefore immediate immune activation by the split vaccine is immune-complex dependent. These studies demonstrate that influenza virus "splitting" inactivates any potential adjuvants endogenous to influenza, such as RNA, but in previously exposed individuals can elicit a potent immune response by facilitating the rapid formation of immune complexes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.