ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2014
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiretrovirals in the central nervous system.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- A novel measure of antiretroviral activity in cerebrospinal fluid and association with HIV persistence and cognitive function.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Effects of HIV and azidothymidine on Alzheimer's-like pathology and amyloid beta transporters in hu-PBL-NSG mice, brain endothelial amyloid beta uptake and endothelial barrier integrity.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- A novel design using a virtual control group to evaluate non-inferiority of nevirapine and lamivudine dual maintenance in HIV therapy.PloS one · 2026Article
- Neurotoxic effects of acyclovir: impacts on oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotransmitter dynamics in male Wistar rats.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Pharmacokinetic approaches to standardize antiviral exposure in cerebrospinal fluid.Pharmacotherapy · 2025Article
- The central nervous system is a potential reservoir and possible origin of drug resistance in hepatitis B infection.Journal of virus eradication · 2023Article
- Alzheimer Dementia in People Living With HIV.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2021Article
- Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of antiretroviral drugs, compared with oral, enhances delivery to lymphoid tissues in BALB/c mice.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2021Article
- Review
- Pharmacology of HIV Cure: Site of Action.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2021Review
- CD4+ T cell-mimicking nanoparticles encapsulating DIABLO/SMAC mimetics broadly neutralize HIV-1 and selectively kill HIV-1-infected cells.Theranostics · 2021Article
- Antiretroviral drug concentrations in brain tissue of adult decedents.AIDS (London, England) · 2020Article
- Pharmacologic approaches to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.Current opinion in pharmacology · 2020Review
- CD4mBio · 2020Article
- HIV-1 Sanctuary Sites-the Role of Membrane-Associated Drug Transporters and Drug Metabolic Enzymes.The AAPS journal · 2020Review
- Triumeq Increases Excitability of Pyramidal Neurons in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex by Facilitating Voltage-Gated CaFrontiers in pharmacology · 2020Article
- N-Acetylcysteine Reverses Antiretroviral-Mediated Microglial Activation by Attenuating Autophagy-Lysosomal Dysfunction.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
- Novel dual HIV maintenance therapy with nevirapine plus lamivudine retain viral suppression through 144 weeks-A proof-of-concept study.PloS one · 2020Article
- Cell-type specific differences in antiretroviral penetration and the effects of HIV-1 Tat and morphine among primary human brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and microglia.Neuroscience letters · 2019Article
- Antiretroviral concentrations and surrogate measures of efficacy in the brain tissue and CSF of preclinical species.Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
HIV-positive patients may be effectively treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy and such a strategy is associated with striking immune recovery and viral load reduction to very low levels. Despite undeniable results, the central nervous system (CNS) is commonly affected during the course of HIV infection, with neurocognitive disorders being as prevalent as 20-50 % of treated subjects. This review discusses the pathophysiology of CNS infection by HIV and the barriers to efficacious control of such a mechanism, including the available data on compartmental drug penetration and on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships. In the reviewed articles, a high variability in drug transfer to the CNS is highlighted with several mechanisms as well as methodological issues potentially influencing the observed results. Nevirapine and zidovudine showed the highest cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to plasma ratios, although target concentrations are currently unknown for the CNS. The use of the composite CSF concentration effectiveness score has been associated with better virological outcomes (lower HIV RNA) but has been inconsistently associated with neurocognitive outcomes. These findings support the CNS effectiveness of commonly used highly antiretroviral therapies. The use of antiretroviral drugs with increased CSF penetration and/or effectiveness in treating or preventing neurocognitive disorders however needs to be assessed in well-designed prospective studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.