ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2014
Association of age and parity with intrauterine device expulsion.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparing options for females seeking permanent contraception in high resource countries: a systematic review.Reproductive health · 2021Pooled it
- The safety of intrauterine devices among young women: a systematic review.Contraception · 2017Pooled it
- Menstrual cup use and intrauterine device expulsion in a copper intrauterine device randomized trial.Contraception · 2024Trial
- Safety and efficacy in parous women of a 52-mg levonorgestrel-medicated intrauterine device: a 7-year randomized comparative study with the TCu380A.Contraception · 2016Trial
- Laparoscopic management of an intramurally migrated intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) without serosal perforation: a case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review and Risk-Stratification Framework for Preventing LNG-IUS Expulsion in Adenomyosis.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2026Review
- The use of a menstrual cup as a risk factor for displacement of intrauterine devices: a case-control study.Contraception and reproductive medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluation of uterocervical angle in intrauterine device displacement cases.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Article
- Safety profile of levonorgestrel intrauterine system: Analysis of spontaneous reports submitted to FAERS.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Body Mass Index and Levonorgestrel Device Expulsion in Adolescents and Young Adults.Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology · 2024Article
- Five-year Contraceptive Use of 52-mg Levonorgestrel Releasing Intrauterine System in Young Women, Menstrual Patterns, and New Contraceptive Choice.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2023Article
- Clinical outcomes of intrauterine device insertions by newly trained providers: The ECHO trial experience.Contraception: X · 2023Article
- Continuation rates of two different-sized copper intrauterine devices among nulliparous women: Interim 12-month results of a single-blind, randomised, multicentre trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- Continuation of Copper T in Immediate Postplacental, Immediate Postabortal and Interval Period of Insertion.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India · 2022Article
- Safety, Quality, and Acceptability of Contraceptive Implant Provision by Community Health Extension Workers versus Nurses and Midwives in Two States in Nigeria.Studies in family planning · 2021Article
- Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System as a Contraceptive Method in Nulliparous Women: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Review
- "A Résumé for the Baby": Biosocial Precarity and Care of Substance-Using, Pregnant Women in San Francisco.Culture, medicine and psychiatry · 2020Article
- Contraception for AdolescentsJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2020Article
- Feasibility and Safety of IUD Insertion by Mid-Level Providers in Sub-Saharan Africa.International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health · 2019Article
- Potential for Improving Intrauterine Device (IUD) Service Delivery Quality: Results from a Secondary Data Analysis.Gates open research · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate whether age 14 to 19 years and nulliparity are associated with expulsion of levonorgestrel and copper intrauterine devices (IUDs).
methodsThis was a planned secondary analysis of the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to estimate expulsion rates for the first levonorgestrel or copper IUD received during study participation. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate baseline characteristics associated with expulsion.
resultsA total of 5,403 females were included; 4,219 (78%) used the levonorgestrel IUD and 1,184 (22%) used the copper IUD. There were 432 initial expulsions reported. The 36-month cumulative expulsion rate was 10.2 per 100 IUD users and did not vary by IUD type (levonorgestrel IUD 10.1 compared with copper IUD 10.7, P=.99). In the bivariate analysis, multiple characteristics including age, nulliparity, immediate postabortion insertion, and heavy menses were associated with expulsion. The cumulative rate of expulsion was lower in nulliparous women compared with parous women (8.4 compared with 11.4; P<.001) and higher in females aged 14 to 19 compared with older women (18.8 compared with 9.3; P<.001). After adjusting for confounders and stratifying by IUD type, the hazard ratio of expulsion for females aged 14 to 19 years was 2.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68-3.06) for the levonorgestrel IUD and 3.06 (95% CI 1.75-5.33) for the copper IUD. Compared to parous levonorgestrel IUD users, expulsion was lower for nulliparous levonorgestrel IUD users (adjusted hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.44-0.78).
conclusionIUD expulsions were not increased in nulliparous females. More expulsions were observed in females aged 14 to 19 compared with older women regardless of parity or IUD type. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: : II.
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