ArticleBirth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology2014
Geographic analysis of individual and environmental risk factors for hypospadias births.
Article in Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal age 30-34 years and adverse perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Congenital anomalies and maternal age: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2022Pooled it
- Parental smoking and risk of hypospadias: An updated meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Lifestyle in Pregnancy and Hypospadias in Sons: A Study of 85,923 Mother-Son Pairs from Two Danish Pregnancy Cohorts.Clinical epidemiology · 2022Article
- Maternal Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy and Genital Anomalies in Boys: A Register-Based Cohort and Sibling-Matched Design Study.Clinical epidemiology · 2022Article
- Spatial analysis of hypospadias cases in northern France: taking clinical data into account.BMC pediatrics · 2020Article
- Interaction between CYP1A1/CYP17A1 polymorphisms and parental risk factors in the risk of hypospadias in a Chinese population.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and apoptosis in rat urethra development.Pediatric research · 2017Article
- Molecular Mechanism of MicroRNA-200c Regulating Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD Family Member 3 (SMAD3) Pathway by Targeting Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 (ZEB1) in Hypospadias in Rats.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2016Article
- Maternal residential exposure to agricultural pesticides and birth defects in a 2003 to 2005 North Carolina birth cohort.Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology · 2016Article
- Tissue-specific roles of Fgfr2 in development of the external genitalia.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHypospadias is a relatively common birth defect affecting the male urinary tract. We explored the etiology of hypospadias by examining its spatial distribution in North Carolina and the spatial clustering of residuals from individual and environmental risk factors.
methodsWe used data collected by the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program from 2003 to 2005 to estimate local Moran's I statistics to identify geographic clustering of overall and severe hypospadias, using 995 overall cases and 16,013 controls. We conducted logistic regression and local Moran's I statistics on standardized residuals to consider the contribution of individual variables (maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal education, smoking, parity, and diabetes) and environmental variables (block group land cover) to this clustering.
resultsLocal Moran's I statistics indicated significant clustering of overall and severe hypospadias in eastern central North Carolina. Spatial clustering of hypospadias persisted when controlling for individual factors, but diminished somewhat when controlling for environmental factors. In adjusted models, maternal residence in a block group with more than 5% crop cover was associated with overall hypospadias (odds ratio = 1.22; 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.43); that is living in a block group with greater than 5% crop cover was associated with a 22% increase in the odds of having a baby with hypospadias. Land cover was not associated with severe hypospadias.
conclusionThis study illustrates the potential contribution of mapping in generating hypotheses about disease etiology. Results suggest that environmental factors including proximity to agriculture may play some role in the spatial distribution of hypospadias. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:887-894, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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