ArticleCell regulation1989
Stable, resealable pores formed in sea urchin eggs by electric discharge (electroporation) permit substrate loading for assay of enzymes in vivo.
Article in Cell regulation, 1989. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Systematic Evaluation of Electroporation Conditions for Plasmid in Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Zygotes.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Genetically tractable embryonic cell lines from sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts.Chemical reviews · 2018Review
- Control by Low Levels of Calcium of Mammalian Cell Membrane Electropermeabilization.The Journal of membrane biology · 2018Article
- Geometry-specific heterogeneity of the apparent diffusion rate of materials inside sperm cells.Biophysical journal · 2010Article
- Stimulation of repetitive calcium transients in mouse eggs.The Journal of physiology · 1995Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
We describe a simple electroporation procedure for loading suspensions of unfertilized sea urchin eggs with impermeant small molecules under conditions that allow close to 90% successful fertilization and development. Poration is carried out in a low-Ca2+ medium that mimicks the intracellular milieu. The induced pores remain open for several minutes in this medium, allowing loading of the cells; resealing is achieved by adding back millimolar calcium ions to the medium. While the pores are open, an influx of exogenous molecules and efflux of endogenous metabolites takes place, and the eggs can lose up to 40% of their ATP content and still survive. Introduced metabolites are utilized by the cells, e.g., introduced 3H-thymidine is incorporated into DNA. This procedure will be useful for loading impermeant substrates into eggs, permitting in vivo assessment of metabolism, and also for introducing other interesting impermeant molecules, such as inhibitors, fluorescent indicators, etc. Though the details may differ, the principle of electroporation in an intracellular-like medium may prove to be useful for loading other cell types with minimal loss of viability.
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