ArticleMolecular neurobiology2015
Activation of VEGF/Flk-1-ERK Pathway Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Injury After Microwave Exposure.
Article in Molecular neurobiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Vascular endothelial growth factor: a key factor in the onset and treatment of depression.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- A mutational process signature and genomic alterations associated with outcome and immunogenicity in cancers with brain metastasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The Basic Requirement of Tight Junction Proteins in Blood-Brain Barrier Function and Their Role in Pathologies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Occludin: a gatekeeper of brain Infection by HIV-1.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2023Review
- Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Opens and Closes the Endothelial Blood-Brain Barrier in a Concentration-Dependent Manner.Neurochemical research · 2023Article
- ACT001 attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury via inhibiting AKT/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2022Article
- Nasal Delivery of Cinnarizine Thermo- and Ion-Sensitive In Situ Hydrogels for Treatment of Microwave-Induced Brain Injury.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Establishment of injury models in studies of biological effects induced by microwave radiation.Military Medical Research · 2021Review
- Regulation of pathological blood-brain barrier for intracranial enhanced drug delivery and anti-glioblastoma therapeutics.Oncology research · 2021Review
- Increase in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Permeability Is Regulated by MMP3 via the ERK Signaling Pathway.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2021Article
- Effect of ultra‑wide‑band electromagnetic pulses on blood‑brain barrier permeability in rats.Molecular medicine reports · 2020Article
- Vitamin D Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Injury in Rat Primary Neuron Cells through Downregulation of the Dual Oxidase 1 (DUOX1) Gene.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2020Article
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- Propofol attenuates TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells by inhibiting CaActa pharmacologica Sinica · 2019Article
- Hypertonic saline downregulates endothelial cell-derived VEGF expression and reduces blood-brain barrier permeability induced by cerebral ischaemia via the VEGFR2/eNOS pathway.International journal of molecular medicine · 2019Article
- Article
- Cecropin A Modulates Tight Junction-Related Protein Expression and Enhances the Barrier Function of Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Suppressing the MEK/ERK Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Article
- Quinacrine pretreatment reduces microwave-induced neuronal damage by stabilizing the cell membrane.Neural regeneration research · 2018Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microwaves have been suggested to induce neuronal injury and increase permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but the mechanism remains unknown. The role of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/Flk-1-Raf/MAPK kinase (MEK)/extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway in structural and functional injury of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following microwave exposure was examined. An in vitro BBB model composed of the ECV304 cell line and primary rat cerebral astrocytes was exposed to microwave radiation (50 mW/cm(2), 5 min). The structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the permeability was assessed by measuring transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transmission. Activity and expression of VEGF/Flk-1-ERK pathway components and occludin also were examined. Our results showed that microwave radiation caused intercellular tight junctions to broaden and fracture with decreased TEER values and increased HRP permeability. After microwave exposure, activation of the VEGF/Flk-1-ERK pathway and Tyr phosphorylation of occludin were observed, along with down-regulated expression and interaction of occludin with zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). After Flk-1 (SU5416) and MEK1/2 (U0126) inhibitors were used, the structure and function of the BBB were recovered. The increase in expression of ERK signal transduction molecules was muted, while the expression and the activity of occludin were accelerated, as well as the interactions of occludin with p-ERK and ZO-1 following microwave radiation. Thus, microwave radiation may induce BBB damage by activating the VEGF/Flk-1-ERK pathway, enhancing Tyr phosphorylation of occludin, while partially inhibiting expression and interaction of occludin with ZO-1.
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