ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2015
Development of a skull/brain model for military wound ballistics studies.
Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autopsy findings in victims of gunshot injuries: wound ballistic considerations based on test shots to simulants and composite models.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Review
- Anatomical Features and Material Properties of Human Surrogate Head Models Affect Spatial and Temporal Brain Motion under Blunt Impact.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases.International journal of legal medicine · 2021Article
- Mapping the Risk of Fracture of the Tibia From Penetrating Fragments.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Article
- Mechanical Properties of Human Dura Mater in Tension - An Analysis at an Age Range of 2 to 94 Years.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Evaluation of the backspatter generation and wound profiles of an anatomically correct skull model for molecular ballistics.International journal of legal medicine · 2019Article
- A biomechanical comparison between human calvarial bone and a skull simulant considering the role of attached periosteum and dura mater.International journal of legal medicine · 2019Article
- Forensic reconstruction of two military combat related shooting incidents using an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer.International journal of legal medicine · 2019Article
- Ballistic impacts on an anatomically correct synthetic skull with a surrogate skin/soft tissue layer.International journal of legal medicine · 2018Article
- The effect of helmet materials and simulated bone and tissue layers on bullet behaviour in a gelatine model of overmatch penetrating head injury.International journal of legal medicine · 2017Article
- The influence of the counterfort while ballistic testing using gelatine blocks.International journal of legal medicine · 2017Article
- Does preliminary optimisation of an anatomically correct skull-brain model using simple simulants produce clinically realistic ballistic injury fracture patterns?International journal of legal medicine · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Reports on penetrating ballistic head injuries in the literature are dominated by case studies of suicides; the penetrating ammunition usually being .22 rimfire or shotgun. The dominating cause of injuries in modern warfare is fragmentation and hence, this is the primary threat that military helmets protect the brain from. When helmets are perforated, this is usually by bullets. In combat, 20% of penetrating injuries occur to the head and its wounding accounts for 50% of combat deaths. A number of head simulants are described in the academic literature, in ballistic test methods for helmets (including measurement of behind helmet blunt trauma, BHBT) and in the 'open' and 'closed' government literature of several nations. The majority of these models are not anatomically correct and are not assessed with high-velocity rifle ammunition. In this article, an anatomically correct 'skull' (manufactured from polyurethane) and 'brain' (manufactured from 10%, by mass, gelatine) model for use in military wound ballistic studies is described. Filling the cranium completely with gelatine resulted in a similar 'skull' fracture pattern as an anatomically correct 'brain' combined with a representation of cerebrospinal fluid. In particular, posterior cranial fossa and occipital fractures and brain ejection were observed. This pattern of injury compared favourably to reported case studies of actual incidents in the literature.
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