ArticlePloS one2014
Encephalitis hospitalization rates and inpatient mortality in the United States, 2000-2010.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 252 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurological manifestations of scrub typhus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and case fatality.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Diagnostic accuracy of the metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for detection of bacterial meningoencephalitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic review of rehabilitation intervention outcomes of adult and paediatric patients with infectious encephalitis.BMJ open · 2018Pooled it
- Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in childhood encephalitis (IgNiTE): a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2023Trial
- Associations of viral infections and antiviral vaccinations with anti-NMDAR and other forms of autoimmune encephalitis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Suspected encephalitis in adults.Practical neurology · 2026Review
- Vital Prognosis and Causes of Death in Adults with Encephalitis.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Article
- Recurrent Ischemic Strokes Caused by HSV-2-Associated Cerebral Vasculitis in Antisynthetase Syndrome.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Nationwide Trends in Hospitalizations and Clinical Outcomes for Meningitis and Encephalitis: A 10-year Swiss Population-based Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Pathogens of the human central nervous system-the major viral pathogens.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Review
- Jamestown Canyon Virus Disease: An Analytic Review of Human Cases Reported from 1982 Through 2022.Viruses · 2026Review
- Secular Trends in the Incidence of Encephalitis and Outcomes of Postencephalitic Epilepsy in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.Neuroepidemiology · 2026Article
- Factors Predicting the Outcome in Patients With Acute Encephalitis Syndrome: A Retrospective Analysis of Surveillance Data in Bangladesh.Neurology research international · 2026Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Adults With Encephalitis: A Retrospective Study.Journal of central nervous system disease · 2026Article
- Real-World Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray ME Panel: Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinical Utility.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2026Article
- Herpesvirus-host interactions in neurological diseases: the immunogenetic role of HLA-E.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Management of pediatric nontraumatic intracranial hypertension with a lumbar drain: illustrative cases.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2025Article
- Ido1 or Ido2 deficiency in myeloid-derived cells attenuates TMEV-induced ictogenesis.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Article
- Microglia-specific Ido2 deficiency attenuates ictogenesis in the TMEV model of viral encephalitis.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEncephalitis rates by etiology and acute-phase outcomes for encephalitis in the 21st century are largely unknown. We sought to evaluate cause-specific rates of encephalitis hospitalizations and predictors of inpatient mortality in the United States.
methodsUsing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2000 to 2010, a retrospective observational study of 238,567 patients (mean [SD] age, 44.8 [24.0] years) hospitalized within non-federal, acute care hospitals in the U.S. with a diagnosis of encephalitis was conducted. Hospitalization rates were calculated using population-level estimates of disease from the NIS and population estimates from the United States Census Bureau. Adjusted odds of mortality were calculated for patients included in the study.
resultsIn the U.S. from 2000-2010, there were 7.3±0.2 encephalitis hospitalizations per 100,000 population (95% CI: 7.1-7.6). Encephalitis hospitalization rates were highest among females (7.6±0.2 per 100,000) and those <1 year and >65 years of age with rates of 13.5±0.9 and 14.1±0.4 per 100,000, respectively. Etiology was unknown for approximately 50% of cases. Among patients with identified etiology, viral causes were most common (48.2%), followed by Other Specified causes (32.5%), which included predominantly autoimmune conditions. The most common infectious agents were herpes simplex virus, toxoplasma, and West Nile virus. Comorbid HIV infection was present in 7.7% of hospitalizations. Average length of stay was 11.2 days with mortality of 5.6%. In regression analysis, patients with comorbid HIV/AIDS or cancer had increased odds of mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.30-2.22 and OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.88-2.71, respectively). Enteroviral, postinfectious, toxic, and Other Specified causes were associated with lower odds vs. herpes simplex encephalitis.
conclusionsWhile encephalitis and encephalitis-related mortality impose a considerable burden in the U.S. in the 21st Century, the reported demographics of hospitalized encephalitis patients may be changing.
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