ArticleSpringerPlus2014
Sex differences in cardiovascular function during submaximal exercise in humans.
Article in SpringerPlus, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06709560 (Sex Differences in Baroreflex Sensitivity Response to Different Constant-load Submaximal Exercise Intensities), which is not on this map. Cited by 75 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Sex Differences in Baroreflex Sensitivity Response to Different Constant-load Submaximal Exercise Intensities
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 172 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-Specific Differences in Cardiovascular Adaptations and Risks in Elite Athletes: Bridging the Gap in Sports Cardiology.Clinical cardiology · 2024Pooled it
- Cadence effects on cardiorespiratory and muscular responses during eccentric cycling.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Sessional work-rate does not affect the magnitude to which simulated hypoxia can augment acute physiological responses during resistance exercise.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Trial
- Validation of a Revised V-Slope Algorithm for Automated First Ventilatory Threshold Detection in Healthy Adults.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- The impact of biological sex and stroke volume constituents on heterogeneity in theExperimental physiology · 2026Article
- Effects of d-allulose intake during exercise training on heart rate response to submaximal exercise in untrained young adults: a pilot study.Physical activity and nutrition · 2026Article
- Resting and Physical Activity Energy Expenditure Across an Altitudinal Gradient: An Adjusted Analysis.Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Physiological Basis of Sex Differences in Human Performance and Exercise-Associated Pathology.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in marathon pacing: analysis of 873,000 Berlin marathon runners reveals men are twice as likely to "hit the wall".Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Acute Effects of Commercial Yerba Mate Products on Cardiometabolic Responses during Submaximal Cycling: Brewed to Perform?Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Exercise has differential cardiometabolic effects in male and female mice on a high-fat diet.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Cardiopulmonary parameters in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot: the reference values for treadmill and cycle ergometer.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- AI-based prediction of VONPJ microgravity · 2025Article
- Test-Retest Reliability and Sex-Dependent Responses for Physiological and Perceptual Variables at Sub-Maximal Thresholds.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with mental health among university students: the mediating role of cardiorespiratory fitness and moderating role of gender.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Cardiac workload and skeletal muscle oxygenation during incremental exercise in healthy subjects.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Aortic Stenosis: Time for a Sex-Based Approach?Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Redefining Health-Related Fitness: The Adaptive Ability to Foster Survival Possibilities.Sports medicine - open · 2025Article
- A scoping review of student Athletes' perspectives on dual career policies, provisions and challenges.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Review
- Sex differences in cardiac energetics in the rat ventricular muscle.Scientific reports · 2024Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Differences in cardiovascular function between sexes have been documented at rest and maximal exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the sex differences in cardiovascular function during submaximal constant-load exercise, which is not well understood. Thirty-one male and 33 female subjects completed nine minutes moderate and nine minutes vigorous intensity submaximal exercise (40 and 75% of peak watts determined by maximal exercise test). Measurements included: intra-arterial blood pressure (SBP and DBP), cardiac index (QI), heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2) and arterial catecholamines (epinephrine = EPI and norepinephrine = NE), and blood gases. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume index (SVI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), arterial oxygen content (CaO2), arterial to venous O2 difference (AVO2) and systemic oxygen transport (SOT) were calculated. At rest and during submaximal exercise QI, SVI, SBP, MAP, NE, CaO2, and SOT were lower in females compared to males. VO2, AVO2, EPI were lower in females throughout exercise. When corrected for wattage, females had a higher Q, HR, SV, VO2 and AVO2 despite lower energy expenditure and higher mechanical efficiency. This study demonstrates sex differences in the cardiovascular response to constant-load submaximal exercise. Specifically, females presented limitations in cardiac performance in which they are unable to compensate for reductions in stroke volume through increases in HR, potentially a consequence of a female's blunted sympathetic response and higher vasodilatory state. Females demonstrated greater cardiac work needed to meet the same external work demand, and relied on increased peripheral oxygen extraction, lower energy expenditure and improvements in mechanical efficiency as compensatory mechanisms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.