ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology2014
Probiotics normalize the gut-brain-microbiota axis in immunodeficient mice.
Article in American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- The anxiolytic effect of probiotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical and preclinical literature.PloS one · 2018Pooled it
- Microbiota matters: a cross-sectional study protocol for mapping gut microbiome diversity in Malaysian major depressive disorder cases.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Importance of the inflammasome in gut-brain axis: from pathological driver to therapeutic target.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Circulating extracellular vesicle microRNAs mediate immune modulation of social behavior in male mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Microbiome-Neurodegeneration Interface: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions.Cells · 2026Review
- How the gut microbiome shapes learning and memory: A comprehensive review.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- Impact of Gut-Brain Axis and Probiotics on Alzheimer's Disease.Neurology international · 2025Review
- Interplay between antipredator behavior, parasitism, and gut microbiome in wild stickleback populations.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Article
- Exploring the microbiota-gut-brain axis: impact on brain structure and function.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2025Review
- The gut microbiome in patients with Cushing's disease affects depression- and anxiety-like behavior in mice.Microbiome · 2024Article
- Exploring the complex interplay: gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Health benefits and risks of fermented foods-the PIMENTO initiative.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- A novel probiotic formula, BLLL, ameliorates chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice by reducing neuroinflammation and increasing neurotrophic factors.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Clinically approved immunomodulators ameliorate behavioral changes in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia type 11.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Probiotics Show Promise as a Novel Natural Treatment for Neurological Disorders.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2024Review
- Understanding the Gut-Brain Axis and Its Therapeutic Implications for Neurodegenerative Disorders.Nutrients · 2023Review
- The Role of Chronic Fatigue in Patients with Crohn's Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- History of childhood physical abuse is associated with gut microbiota diversity among adult psychiatric inpatients.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
- Combined Supplementation ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The gut microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa in humans and mice.Nature microbiology · 2023Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The gut-brain-microbiota axis is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of intestinal physiology. Exposure to psychological stress causes activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and causes altered intestinal barrier function, intestinal dysbiosis, and behavioral changes. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the effects of psychological stress on intestinal physiology and behavior, including anxiety and memory, are mediated by the adaptive immune system. Furthermore, we wanted to determine whether treatment with probiotics would normalize these effects. Here we demonstrate that B and T cell-deficient Rag1(-/-) mice displayed altered baseline behaviors, including memory and anxiety, accompanied by an overactive HPA axis, increased intestinal secretory state, dysbiosis, and decreased hippocampal c-Fos expression. Both local (intestinal physiology and microbiota) and central (behavioral and hippocampal c-Fos) changes were normalized by pretreatment with probiotics, indicating an overall benefit on health conferred by changes in the microbiota, independent of lymphocytes. Taken together, these findings indicate a role for adaptive immune cells in maintaining normal intestinal and brain health in mice and show that probiotics can overcome this immune-mediated deficit in the gut-brain-microbiota axis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.