ArticleBMC nephrology2014
Prevalence of microalbuminuria and diagnostic value of dipstick proteinuria in outpatients from HIV clinics in Bukavu, the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microalbuminuria among HIV/AIDS patients in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and burden of chronic kidney disease among the general population and high-risk groups in Africa: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2018Pooled it
- Moderate agreement between the spot albumin‒Creatinine ratio (ACR) and urine albumin (UA) among virally suppressed adults living with HIV in botswana: a cross sectional study.AIDS research and therapy · 2025Article
- Apolipoprotein-1 risk variants and associated kidney phenotypes in an adult HIV cohort in Nigeria.Kidney international · 2021Article
- Impact of rural versus urban setting on kidney markers: a cross-sectional study in South-Kivu, DRCongo.BMC nephrology · 2021Article
- Comparison of Two Different Semiquantitative Urinary Dipstick Tests with Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio for Screening and Classification of Albuminuria According to KDIGO. A Diagnostic Test Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Prevalence of microalbuminuria and associated factors among HIV - infected ART naïve patients at Mulago hospital: a cross-sectional study in Uganda.BMC nephrology · 2020Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of CKD in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo: A Large-Scale Population Study.Kidney international reports · 2020Article
- Article
- Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Poor Diagnostic Accuracy of Dipstick Proteinuria in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals: A Multicenter Study in Japan.Open forum infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Role of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) in Resource-Limited Settings (RLS).Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2018Review
- Article
- The association between urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein and chronic kidney disease classification in HIV-infected Japanese patients.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2017Article
- Predictive factors and prevalence of microalbuminuria in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional analysis.BMC nephrology · 2017Observational
- Differences in Factors Associated with Albuminuria according to Gender and Comorbidities of Hypertension and Diabetes.Korean journal of family medicine · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMicroalbuminuria is a marker of early kidney disease and high cardiovascular risk in various populations, including HIV positive patients. However, the diagnostic value of qualitative (dipstick) proteinuria and the burden of microalbuminuria in HIV positive patients living in sub-Saharan Africa are relatively unclear.
methodsIn a cross-sectional study, 235 HIV- positive outpatients were screened for proteinuria in 3 HIV-clinics in Bukavu. A spot urine sample from each subject was tested both by a dipstick and albumin-creatinine-ratio (ACR) assay. The performance of dipstick proteinuria exceeding 1+ was compared with that of microalbuminuria (≥ 30 mg/g creatinine).
resultsThe prevalence of microalbuminuria and dipstick proteinuria ≥ (1+), ≥ (2+) and ≥ (3+) was 11%, 41%, 3.5% and 0.7%, respectively.Compared to microalbuminuria, the dipstick (proteinuria of 1+ or greater) had an overall sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 61%. The positive predictive value was 15.4% and the negative predictive value 92.8%.
conclusionProteinuria is highly prevalent in HIV positive patients. The limited sensitivity and specificity of the dipstick to detect significant microalbuminuria make it unattractive as a screening tool in HIV positive patients.
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