ArticleJournal of immigrant and minority health2015
Ethnic Differences in Drowning Rates in Ontario, Canada.
Article in Journal of immigrant and minority health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2020Pooled it
- Canadian water-related fatalities: Demographic, situational, and environmental risk factors.Journal of forensic sciences · 2025Article
- A descriptive study of fatal drownings among children and adolescents in the United States, with a focus on retention pond deaths, 2004-2020.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Fatal drowning statistics from the Netherlands - an example of an aggregated demographic profile.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Epidemiological Analysis of Drowning Deaths Among Different Groups in Jordan - a Retrospective Study (2015-2019).Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) · 2022Article
- The water incident database (WAID) 2012 to 2019: a systematic evaluation of the documenting of UK drownings.BMC public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The scientific literature suggests ethnicity may be a risk factor for drowning. Ontario, Canada is one of the most ethnically diverse places in the world. The objective of our study was to determine if Asians, Africans and Hispanics were at an increased risk of drowning compared to Greater Europeans. Ethnicity served as a surrogate for country of origin. Using Coroner's reports, all unintentional drowning deaths in Ontario from 2004 to 2008 were reviewed. The ethnicity of drowning victims was estimated using a previously validated name-based ethnicity classifier. Age-standardized drowning rates were calculated by sex and place of residence (rural vs. non-rural) for people of each ethnicity group using the method of direct standardization. For residents of Ontario living in rural areas, the age-standardized drowning rate was significantly higher among men of Asian, African, or Hispanic ethnicity compared to men of Greater European ethnicity (RR 13.9; 95% CI 8.1-23.8) and for women of Asian, African, or Hispanic ethnicity compared to women of Greater European ethnicity (RR 23.9; 95% CI 6.4-89.1). These high-risk individuals need to be considered when developing drowning prevention strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.