ArticlePloS one2014
Early events in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs; identification of oropharyngeal tonsils as sites of primary and sustained viral replication.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- First Serological Evidence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Infection Among Sheep and Goats in Selected Districts of Central Bangladesh.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Absence of a dose-response relationship after intra-oropharyngeal inoculation of pigs with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and economics of foot-and-mouth disease: current understanding and knowledge gaps.Veterinary research · 2025Review
- The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus: current understandings and knowledge gaps.Veterinary research · 2025Review
- Modulation of cytokeratin and cytokine/chemokine expression following influenza virus infection of differentiated human tonsillar epithelial cells.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Development of nucleic acid-based RAA test strip assay for the rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Levamisole, as a viral vaccine adjuvant, induces robust host defense through the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- A review of foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia: epidemiological aspects, economic implications, and control strategies.Virology journal · 2023Review
- Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan.Veterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Inactivated vaccine with glycyrrhizic acid adjuvant elicits potent innate and adaptive immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Development of a primary cell model derived from porcine dorsal soft palate for foot-and-mouth disease virus research and diagnosis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Review
- Intestinal Viral Loads and Inactivation Kinetics of Livestock Viruses Relevant for Natural Casing Production: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Virus-Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.PloS one · 2021Article
- The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lacking the Leader Protein and Containing Two Negative DIVA Markers (FMDV LL3B3D APathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Duration of Contagion of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus in Infected Live Pigs and Carcasses.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A time-course study was performed to elucidate the early events of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in pigs subsequent to simulated natural, intra-oropharyngeal, inoculation. The earliest detectable event was primary infection in the lingual and paraepiglottic tonsils at 6 hours post inoculation (hpi) characterized by regional localization of viral RNA, viral antigen, and infectious virus. At this time FMDV antigen was localized in cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells and CD172a-expressing leukocytes of the crypt epithelium of the paraepiglottic tonsils. De novo replication of FMDV was first detected in oropharyngeal swab samples at 12 hpi and viremia occurred at 18-24 hpi, approximately 24 hours prior to the appearance of vesicular lesions. From 12 through 78 hpi, microscopic detection of FMDV was consistently localized to cytokeratin-positive cells within morphologically characteristic segments of oropharyngeal tonsil crypt epithelium. During this period, leukocyte populations expressing CD172a, SLA-DQ class II and/or CD8 were found in close proximity to infected epithelial cells, but with little or no co-localization with viral proteins. Similarly, M-cells expressing cytokeratin-18 did not co-localize with FMDV proteins. Intra-epithelial micro-vesicles composed of acantholytic epithelial cells expressing large amounts of structural and non-structural FMDV proteins were present within crypts of the tonsil of the soft palate during peak clinical infection. These findings inculpate the paraepiglottic tonsils as the primary site of FMDV infection in pigs exposed via the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the continuing replication of FMDV in the oropharyngeal tonsils during viremia and peak clinical infection with no concurrent amplification of virus occurring in the lower respiratory tract indicates that these sites are the major source of shedding of FMDV from pigs.
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