SynthesisPloS one2014
Calcium channel blockers and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 17 observational studies.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cardiac glycosides use and the risk and mortality of cancer; systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- A systematic review of calcium channel antagonists in bipolar disorder and some considerations for their future development.Molecular psychiatry · 2016Pooled it
- Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of Calcium Channel Blockers in Hypertension: A Systematic Review.Drug, healthcare and patient safety · 2026Review
- Calcium Channel Blocker Use and the Risk for Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study.Cancers · 2022Article
- Calcium-channel-blockers exhibit divergent regulation of cancer extravasation through the mechanical properties of cancer cells and underlying vascular endothelial cells.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2022Article
- Amplification of a calcium channel subunit CACNG4 increases breast cancer metastasis.EBioMedicine · 2020Article
- Anticancer Effects of Antihypertensive L-Type Calcium Channel Blockers on Chemoresistant Lung Cancer Cells via Autophagy and Apoptosis.Cancer management and research · 2020Article
- Retraction: Calcium Channel Blockers and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 17 Observational Studies.PloS one · 2018Article
- Antihypertensive drug use and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- CaEuropean biophysics journal : EBJ · 2016Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2018-05-23Error in Analyses · Error in Data · Error in Methods · Error in Results and/or Conclusions · Error in Text ·
- Retracted
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeStudies on the association between the use of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and breast cancer risk have reported inconsistent results. We quantitatively assessed this association by conducting a meta-analysis based on the evidence from observational studies.
methodsWe searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published up to and including December 31, 2013. We calculated pooled risk ratios (RRs) for cancer risk.
resultsA total of 17 studies (9 cohort studies, 8 case-control studies) were selected for further study. These studies included 149,607 female subjects, of which 53,812 were CCBs users, who were followed for 2-16 years. The risks of breast cancer among patients receiving CCBs were significantly different for the pooled RRs (95% confidence interval) of cohort studies 1.08 (0.95, 1.20) and case-control studies 0.98 (0.86, 1.09). Differences were also noted for cancer risk, for CCBs use of <5 years 0.96 (0.78, 1.15), and for >5 years 1.01 (0.74, 1.28), as well as for ever used 1.08 (0.95, 1.20), and for current use 1.13 (0.83, 1.42). The RR for studies longer than 10 years was 1.71 (1.01, 2.42), and for studies evaluating nifedipine was 1.10 (0.87, 1.33) and diltiazem was 0.75 (0.40, 1.10).
conclusionsThe long-term use of CCBs appears to have a significant relationship with breast cancer. Well-designed clinical trials are needed to optimize the doses and types of these drugs needed to minimize their carcinogenic potential.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.