ArticleeLife2014
Active invasion of bacteria into living fungal cells.
Article in eLife, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterization of facultative yet endohyphal interaction between Umbelopsis and Paraburkholderia.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Review
- Endosymbiotic interactions in the fungal kingdom: a framework for progressive endosymbiosis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Mycorrhiza helper bacteria as stage-specific modulators of fungal development.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Review
- Induced endosymbiosis between a fungus and bacterium reveals a shift from antagonism to commensalism.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The Geosiphon-Nostoc symbiosis: recent elaboration or remnant of an enduring association?Annals of botany · 2025Article
- Article
- Artificial Endosymbiosis of Pedobacter sp. DDGJ Boosts the Growth Potential, Stress Resistance and Productivity of Morchella Mushrooms.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Article
- Symmetric adenine methylation is an essential DNA modification in the early-diverging fungus Rhizopus microsporus.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Characterizing extracellular vesicles of human fungal pathogens.Nature microbiology · 2025Review
- Endofungal bacteria as hidden facilitators of biotic interactions.The ISME journal · 2025Review
- Comparative analysis of endophytic bacterial localization and microbiome diversity in plant varieties under varied growth conditions through microscopic imaging and sequencing techniques.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- The type II secretion system as an underappreciated and understudied mediator of interbacterial antagonism.Infection and immunity · 2024Review
- Symbioses between fungi and bacteria: from mechanisms to impacts on biodiversity.Current opinion in microbiology · 2024Review
- Article
- Genome analysis and hyphal movement characterization of the hitchhiker endohyphalApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Deazaflavin metabolite produced by endosymbiotic bacteria controls fungal host reproduction.The ISME journal · 2024Article
- Klebsiella michiganensis: a nitrogen-fixing endohyphal bacterium from Ustilago maydis.AMB Express · 2023Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The rice seedling blight fungus Rhizopus microsporus and its endosymbiont Burkholderia rhizoxinica form an unusual, highly specific alliance to produce the highly potent antimitotic phytotoxin rhizoxin. Yet, it has remained a riddle how bacteria invade the fungal cells. Genome mining for potential symbiosis factors and functional analyses revealed that a type 2 secretion system (T2SS) of the bacterial endosymbiont is required for the formation of the endosymbiosis. Comparative proteome analyses show that the T2SS releases chitinolytic enzymes (chitinase, chitosanase) and chitin-binding proteins. The genes responsible for chitinolytic proteins and T2SS components are highly expressed during infection. Through targeted gene knock-outs, sporulation assays and microscopic investigations we found that chitinase is essential for bacteria to enter hyphae. Unprecedented snapshots of the traceless bacterial intrusion were obtained using cryo-electron microscopy. Beyond unveiling the pivotal role of chitinolytic enzymes in the active invasion of a fungus by bacteria, these findings grant unprecedented insight into the fungal cell wall penetration and symbiosis formation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.