ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2014
Exploring sex differences in drug use, health and service use characteristics among young urban crack users in Brazil.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Crack-cocaine use practices, harms and respiratory problems: an analysis of gender differences using data from a cross-sectional survey in England.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Differential risks of syringe service program participants in Central Ohio: a latent class analysis.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- Determinants of health among people who use illicit drugs in the conflict-affected countries of Afghanistan, Colombia and Myanmar: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence.Conflict and health · 2022Review
- Sex differences in brain regional homogeneity during acute abstinence in cocaine use disorder.Addiction biology · 2022Article
- Evidence for the Effectiveness and Acceptability of e-SBI or e-SBIRT in the Management of Alcohol and Illicit Substance Use in Pregnant and Post-partum Women.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
- Sex-based differences in multidimensional clinical assessments of early-abstinence crack cocaine users.PloS one · 2019Article
- Article
- Gender differences in patterns of drug use and sexual risky behaviour among crack cocaine users in Central Brazil.BMC psychiatry · 2017Article
- Point-of-care HIV tests done by peers, Brazil.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2016Article
- Crack-cocaine dependence and aging: effects on working memory.Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2016Article
- Transactional Sex among Noninjecting Illicit Drug Users: Implications for HIV Transmission.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionStudies have shown important gender differences among drug (including crack) users related to: drug use patterns; health risks and consequences; criminal involvement; and service needs/use. Crack use is prevalent in Brazil; however, few comparative data by sex exist. We examined and compared by sex key drug use, health, socio-economic indicators and service use in a bi-city sample of young (18-24 years), regular and marginalized crack users in Brazil.
methodsStudy participants (total n = 159; n = 124 males and n = 35 females) were recruited by community-based methods from impoverished neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. Assessments occurred by an anonymous interviewer-administered questionnaire and serum collection for blood-borne virus testing between November 2010 and June 2011. Descriptive statistics and differences for key variables by sex were computed; in addition, a 'chi-squared automatic interaction detector' ('CHAID') analysis explored potential primary factors differentiating male and female participants.
resultsMost participants were non-white, and had low education and multiple income sources. More women had unstable housing and income from sex work and/or panhandling/begging, whereas more men were employed. Both groups indicated multi-year histories of and frequent daily crack use, but virtually no drug injection histories. Men reported more co-use of other drugs. More women were: involved in sex-for-drug exchanges; blood-borne virus (BBV) tested and HIV+. Both groups reported similar physical and mental health patterns; however women more commonly utilized social or health services. The CHAID analysis identified sex work; paid work; begging/panhandling; as well as physical and mental health status (all at p < 0.05) as primary differentiating factors by sex.
conclusionsCrack users in our study showed notable differences by sex, including socio-economic indicators, drug co-use patterns, sex risks/work, BBV testing and status, and service utilization. Results emphasize the need for targeted special interventions and services for males and female crack users in Brazil.
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