ArticlePhotochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology2014
Potentiation of photoinactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria mediated by six phenothiazinium dyes by addition of azide ion.
Article in Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
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- Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against oral biofilm: influencing factors, mechanisms, and combined actions with other strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Antimicrobial Photodynamic Effect of Cross-Kingdom Microorganisms with Toluidine Blue O and Potassium Iodide.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The evolution of clinical guidelines for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of skin.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2022Review
- In Vivo Potentiation of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in a Mouse Model of Fungal Infection by Addition of Potassium Iodide.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Latest Developments with a Focus on Combinatory Strategies.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Antimicrobial Photodynamic Approach in the Inactivation of Viruses in Wastewater: Influence of Alternative Adjuvants.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- π-Extended Donor-Acceptor Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2020Article
- Photodynamic Therapy in the Inactivation of Microorganisms.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Can light-based approaches overcome antimicrobial resistance?Drug development research · 2019Review
- Susceptibility of oral bacteria to antibacterial photodynamic therapy.Journal of oral microbiology · 2019Article
- Comparison of thiocyanate and selenocyanate for potentiation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.Journal of biophotonics · 2019Article
- Inorganic Salts and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanistic Conundrums?Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Fullerenes as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy: pros and cons.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2018Article
- Comparison of two functionalized fullerenes for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation: Potentiation by potassium iodide and photochemical mechanisms.Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology · 2018Article
- Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is potentiated by the addition of selenocyanate: Possible involvement of selenocyanogen?Journal of biophotonics · 2018Article
- Phage Display of Dynamic Covalent Binding Motifs Enables Facile Development of Targeted Antibiotics.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) using phenothiazinium dyes is mediated by reactive oxygen species consisting of a combination of singlet oxygen (quenched by azide), hydroxyl radicals and other reactive oxygen species. We recently showed that addition of sodium azide paradoxically potentiated APDI of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using methylene blue as the photosensitizer, and this was due to electron transfer to the dye triplet state from azide anion, producing azidyl radical. Here we compare this effect using six different homologous phenothiazinium dyes: methylene blue, toluidine blue O, new methylene blue, dimethylmethylene blue, azure A, and azure B. We found both significant potentiation (up to 2 logs) and also significant inhibition (>3 logs) of killing by adding 10 mM azide depending on Gram classification, washing the dye from the cells, and dye structure. Killing of E. coli was potentiated with all 6 dyes after a wash, while S. aureus killing was only potentiated by MB and TBO with a wash and DMMB with no wash. More lipophilic dyes (higher log P value, such as DMMB) were more likely to show potentiation. We conclude that the Type I photochemical mechanism (potentiation with azide) likely depends on the microenvironment, i.e. higher binding of dye to bacteria. Bacterial dye-binding is thought to be higher with Gram-negative compared to Gram-positive bacteria, when unbound dye has been washed away, and with more lipophilic dyes.
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Registered trials
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