ArticleFrontiers in behavioral neuroscience2014
Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer.
Article in Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of an Olfactory Receptor (OR5K1)-Based Biosensor for Pyrazine Detection in Foods.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Ecology and evolution of pyrazines in insects.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- CD20/MS4A1 is a mammalian olfactory receptor expressed in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that mediates innate avoidance of predators.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Common fear molecules induce defensive responses in marine prey across trophic levels.Oecologia · 2023Article
- Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine by L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase and 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA ligase/L-threonine aldolase.Communications chemistry · 2021Article
- Behaviorally-mediated trophic cascade attenuated by prey use of risky places at safe times.Oecologia · 2021Article
- Electrophysiological Responses of Eighteen Species of Insects to Fire Ant Alarm Pheromone.Insects · 2019Article
- Article
- Article
- Structure-Activity Relationships of Alkylpyrazine Analogs and Fear-Associated Behaviors in Mice.Journal of chemical ecology · 2017Article
- Differential odor sensitivity in PTSD: Implications for treatment and future research.Journal of affective disorders · 2015Article
- The scent of wolves: pyrazine analogs induce avoidance and vigilance behaviors in prey.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2015Review
- Avoidance learning: a review of theoretical models and recent developments.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2015Review
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3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that a cocktail of pyrazine analogs, identified in wolf urine, induced avoidance and fear behaviors in mice. The effects of the pyrazine cocktail on Hokkaido deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were investigated in field bioassays at a deer park in Hokkaido, Japan. A set of feeding bioassay trials tested the effects of the pyrazine cocktail odor on the behavior of the deer located around a feeding area in August and September 2013. This odor effectively suppressed the approach of the deer to the feeding area. In addition, the pyrazine cocktail odor provoked fear-related behaviors, such as "tail-flag", "flight" and "jump" actions, of the deer around the feeding area. This study is the first experimental demonstration that the pyrazine analogs in wolf urine have robust and continual fearful aversive effects on ungulates as well as mice. The pyrazine cocktail might be suitable for a chemical repellent that could limit damage to forests and agricultural crops by wild ungulates.
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