Observational studyJournal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry2015
Sodium intake is associated with increased disease activity in multiple sclerosis.
Observational study in Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 263 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors associated with relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Impact of Dietary Sodium on Autoimmunity and Inflammation Related to Multiple Sclerosis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2019Pooled it
- Small Vessel Disease and Dietary Salt Intake: Cross-Sectional Study and Systematic Review.Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association · 2017Pooled it
- Influence of Diet in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2017Pooled it
- The Science of Salt: A Systematic Review of Quality Clinical Salt Outcome Studies June 2014 to May 2015.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2016Pooled it
- Effects of altered salt intake and diet on cytokines in humans: A 20-week randomized cross-over intervention study.European journal of immunology · 2023Trial
- Sodium intake and multiple sclerosis activity and progression in BENEFIT.Annals of neurology · 2017Trial
- Nutritional regulation of gut-brain immune crosstalk across the lifespan.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Spatial concordance metrics and related risk factors of brain-peripheral barrier axes: unveiling distinct concordance patterns for mental and neurological axes.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Targeting Lifestyle in CNS Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases: Insights from Diet and Exercise as Potential Disease Modifiers.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Polyphenols Bioactive Metabolites, and Their Anti-Biofilm and Neuroprotective Potential.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Linking Nutrients to Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis: Biological Evidence and Clinical Implications.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Microbiota-Driven Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Strategies, and Biomarker Potential.Biology · 2025Review
- Dietary salt, vascular dysfunction, and cognitive impairment.Cardiovascular research · 2025Review
- Unveiling the Important Role of Gut Microbiota and Diet in Multiple Sclerosis.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Effect of Diet and Dietary Patterns on the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.Recent advances in food, nutrition & agriculture · 2025Review
- The effects of Leventhal's self-regulation model-based educational intervention on stress, anxiety, and depression in women with multiple sclerosis: a randomized educational trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- An autoimmune transcriptional circuit drives FOXP3Science translational medicine · 2024Article
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Peripheral Blood Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Impact of high-salt diet in health and diseases and its role in pursuit of cancer immunotherapy by modulating gut microbiome.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Review
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecently, salt has been shown to modulate the differentiation of human and mouse Th17 cells and mice that were fed a high-sodium diet were described to develop more aggressive courses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, the role of sodium intake in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been addressed. We aimed to investigate the relationship between salt consumption and clinical and radiological disease activity in MS.
methodsWe conducted an observational study in which sodium intake was estimated from sodium excretion in urine samples from a cohort of 70 relapsing-remitting patients with MS who were followed for 2 years. The effect of sodium intake in MS disease activity was estimated using regression analysis. We then replicated our findings in a separate group of 52 patients with MS.
resultsWe found a positive correlation between exacerbation rates and sodium intake in a multivariate model adjusted for age, gender, disease duration, smoking status, vitamin D levels, body mass index and treatment. We found an exacerbation rate that was 2.75-fold (95% CI 1.3 to 5.8) or 3.95-fold (95% CI 1.4 to 11.2) higher in patients with medium or high sodium intakes compared with the low-intake group. Additionally, individuals with high-sodium intake had a 3.4-fold greater chance of developing a new lesion on the MRI and on average had eight more T2 lesions on MRI. A similar relationship was found in the independent replication group.
conclusionsOur results suggest that a higher sodium intake is associated with increased clinical and radiological disease activity in patients with MS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.