ArticlePLoS pathogens2014
TLR2 signaling decreases transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae by limiting bacterial shedding in an infant mouse Influenza A co-infection model.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pneumococcal colonization impairs mucosal immune responses to live attenuated influenza vaccine.JCI insight · 2021Trial
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- Bacterial and host factors affecting acquisition ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α exacerbates immune injury induced by influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of bacterial host-to-host transmission.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Colonization dynamics ofInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Pneumococcal pneumonia is driven by increased bacterial turnover due to bacteriocin-mediated intra-strain competition.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 reduces shedding and transmission duringInfection and immunity · 2024Article
- Bacterial surface lipoproteins mediate epithelial microinvasion byInfection and immunity · 2024Article
- Nucleic acid sensing Toll-like receptors 3 and 9 play complementary roles in the development of bacteremia after nasal colonization associated with influenza co-infection.Experimental animals · 2024Article
- Synthetic genetic oscillators demonstrate the functional importance of phenotypic variation in pneumococcal-host interactions.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Effects of Capsular Polysaccharide amount on Pneumococcal-Host interactions.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Candidate SNP Markers Significantly Altering the Affinity of TATA-Binding Protein for the Promoters of Human Hub Genes for Atherogenesis, Atherosclerosis and Atheroprotection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with cocirculating pathogens: Epidemiological implications and current knowledge gaps.PLoS pathogens · 2023Review
- The Two-Component System YesMN Promotes Pneumococcal Host-to-Host Transmission and Regulates Genes Involved in Zinc Homeostasis.Infection and immunity · 2023Article
- BlpC-mediated selfish program leads to rapid loss of Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal diversity during infection.Cell host & microbe · 2023Article
- Gastrointestinal helminths increaseeLife · 2022Article
- Article
- Synergism and Antagonism of Bacterial-Viral Coinfection in the Upper Respiratory Tract.mSphere · 2022Article
- A Novel Pneumococcal Surface Protein K of NonencapsulatedInfection and immunity · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
While the importance of transmission of pathogens is widely accepted, there is currently little mechanistic understanding of this process. Nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is common in humans, especially in early childhood, and is a prerequisite for the development of disease and transmission among hosts. In this study, we adapted an infant mouse model to elucidate host determinants of transmission of S. pneumoniae from inoculated index mice to uninfected contact mice. In the context of co-infection with influenza A virus, the pneumococcus was transmitted among wildtype littermates, with approximately half of the contact mice acquiring colonization. Mice deficient for TLR2 were colonized to a similar density but transmitted S. pneumoniae more efficiently (100% transmission) than wildtype animals and showed decreased expression of interferon α and higher viral titers. The greater viral burden in tlr2-/- mice correlated with heightened inflammation, and was responsible for an increase in bacterial shedding from the mouse nose. The role of TLR2 signaling was confirmed by intranasal treatment of wildtype mice with the agonist Pam3Cys, which decreased inflammation and reduced bacterial shedding and transmission. Taken together, these results suggest that the innate immune response to influenza virus promotes bacterial shedding, allowing the bacteria to transit from host to host. These findings provide insight into the role of host factors in the increased pneumococcal carriage rates seen during flu season and contribute to our overall understanding of pathogen transmission.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.