ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2014
Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitor RAY1216: a phase 1 study in healthy participants.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Trial
- Meal Effects Confound Attempts to Counteract Rabeprazole-Induced Hypochlorhydria Decreases in Atazanavir Absorption.Pharmaceutical research · 2017Trial
- Mitigating subtherapeutic cabozantinib exposure after prior mitotane therapy in adrenocortical carcinoma: Pharmacological boosting with cobicistat.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Population Pharmacokinetics of Cobicistat and its Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of the Anticancer Drug Olaparib.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2025Article
- Development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for Ritonavir characterizing exposure and drug interaction potential at both acute and steady-state conditions.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2025Article
- Review
- Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Finerenone with Diltiazem, Fluconazole, and Ritonavir in Rats.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2024Article
- Ritonavir's Evolving Role: A Journey from Antiretroviral Therapy to Broader Medical Applications.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Review
- An Integrative Approach to the Current Treatment of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders and the Implementation of Leukemia Inhibitor Factor as a Mediator of Neurocognitive Preservation.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Potential herb‒drug interactions between anti-COVID-19 drugs and traditional Chinese medicine.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2023Review
- Pharmacokinetic Boosting of Kinase Inhibitors.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Comprehensive Nonclinical Safety Assessment of Nirmatrelvir Supporting Timely Development of the SARS-COV-2 Antiviral Therapeutic, Paxlovid™.International journal of toxicology · 2022Article
- Will the Use of Pharmacogenetics Improve Treatment Efficiency in COVID-19?Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Pharmacokinetic boosting to enable a once-daily reduced dose of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis (the PRACTICAL study).Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease · 2022Article
- The multi-target aspect of an MmpL3 inhibitor: The BM212 series of compounds bind EthR2, a transcriptional regulator of ethionamide activation.Cell surface (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Article
- Pharmacogenomics and COVID-19: clinical implications of human genome interactions with repurposed drugs.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2021Review
- Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Have Multifarious Influences on Treatment Outcomes.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2021Review
- CNS Neurotoxicity of Antiretrovirals.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2021Review
- Pharmacogenomics of Antiretroviral Drug Metabolism and Transport.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2021Review
- Pharmacokinetic Enhancement of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy During Pregnancy.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Maximal and durable viral load suppression is one of the most important goals of HIV therapy and is directly related to adequate drug exposure. Protease inhibitors (PIs), an important component of the antiretroviral armada, were historically associated with poor oral bioavailability and high pill burden. However, because the PIs are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, intentional inhibition of these enzymes leads to higher drug exposure, lower pill burden, and therefore simplified dosing schedules with this class of drug. This is the basis of pharmacokinetic enhancement. In HIV therapy, two pharmacokinetic enhancers or boosting agents are used: ritonavir and cobicistat. Both agents inhibit CYP3A4, with cobicistat being a more specific CYP inhibitor than ritonavir. Unlike ritonavir, cobicistat does not have antiretroviral activity. Cobicistat has been evaluated in clinical trials and was recently approved in the USA as a fixed-dose combination with the integrase inhibitor, elvitegravir and two nucleos(t)ide analogs. Additional studies are examining cobicistat in fixed-dose combinations with various PIs. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of these agents and clinically relevant drug regimens and ongoing trials. Studies with elvitegravir and the novel PI TMC319011 are also discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.