ReviewFrontiers in immunology2014
TLR-Dependent Human Mucosal Epithelial Cell Responses to Microbial Pathogens.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 157 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
157 citing papers in PubMed, 275 citations in OpenAlex.
- The TLR9 agonist MGN1703 triggers a potent type I interferon response in the sigmoid colon.Mucosal immunology · 2018Trial
- Evaluation of the Antifungal Effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG against Oral candidiasis in Healthy Sprague-Dawley Rats.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Recombinant Amuc_1100 from Akkermansia muciniphila modulates tight junction-associated protein in vaginal epithelial cells.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Chlamydia trachomatis serovar D replicates in uroepithelial T24/83 cells in the absence of overt inflammation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Aerosolized microalgal derived extracellular vesicles reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in bronchial epithelial macrophage cocultures at the air liquid interface.Discover nano · 2026Article
- Epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: Targets for lung repair.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Anaerobe-Driven Inflammation and Epithelial Barrier Disruption in Genital HIV Acquisition.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Intestinal aging-related immune dysfunction: mechanisms and interventions.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2026Review
- E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2 limits autophagosome formation duringFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Host-microbiome-immune disequilibrium in oral disease: mechanisms, dysbiosis, and precision therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Endosome restricted human TLR1 polymorphism highlights a role for MyD88 in Pam3CSK4 detection.PloS one · 2026Article
- Lactobacilli-Derived Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) in Host Immune Modulation.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Gut Microbiome and Immune System Crosstalk in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Toll Like Receptors in the Larynx: Implications for Laryngeal Immunology.The Laryngoscope · 2025Article
- Limited response of primary nasal epithelial cells toMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Sublingual and Buccal Delivery: A Historical and Scientific Prescriptive.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Mucosal Immunity: Lessons from the Lower Respiratory and Small Intestinal Epithelia.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Integration of functional genomics and statistical fine-mapping systematically characterizes adult-onset and childhood-onset asthma genetic associations.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- The Role of Caspase-1 and Caspase-4 in Modulating Gingival Epithelial Cell Responses toPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Deciphering the metabolic landscape of colorectal cancer through the lens of AhR-mediated intestinal inflammation.Discover oncology · 2025Review
97 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling represents one of the best studied pathways to implement defense mechanisms against invading microbes in human being as well as in animals. TLRs respond to specific microbial ligands and to danger signals produced by the host during infection, and initiate downstream cascades that activate both innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs are expressed by professional immune cells and by the large majority of non-hematopoietic cells, including epithelial cells. In epithelial tissues, TLR functions are particularly important because these sites are constantly exposed to microorganisms, due to their location at the host interface with the environment. While at these sites specific defense mechanisms and inflammatory responses are initiated via TLR signaling against pathogens, suppression or lack of TLR activation is also observed in response to the commensal microbiota. The mechanisms by which TLR signaling is regulated in mucosal epithelial cells include differential expression and levels of TLRs (and their signaling partners), their cellular localization and positioning within the tissue in a fashion that favors responses to pathogens while dampening responses to commensals and maintaining tissue homeostasis in physiologic conditions. In this review, the expression and activation of TLRs in mucosal epithelial cells of several sites of the human body are examined. Specifically, the oral cavity, the ear canal and eye, the airways, the gut, and the reproductive tract are discussed, along with how site-specific host defense mechanisms are implemented via TLR signaling.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.