ArticleBMJ open2014
Socioeconomic inequality in salt intake in Britain 10 years after a national salt reduction programme.
Article in BMJ open, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 28 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review on the Impact of Salt-Reduction Initiatives by Socioeconomic Position to Address Health Inequalities in Adult Populations.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Socioeconomic Determinants of Sodium Intake in Adult Populations of High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.American journal of public health · 2017Pooled it
- Systematic review of dietary salt reduction policies: Evidence for an effectiveness hierarchy?PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Interventions promoting healthy eating as a tool for reducing social inequalities in diet in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2016Pooled it
- A Mobile Health Salt Reduction Intervention for People With Hypertension: Results of a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2021Trial
- Does education level affect the efficacy of a community based salt reduction program? - A post-hoc analysis of the China Rural Health Initiative Sodium Reduction Study (CRHI-SRS).BMC public health · 2016Trial
- Exploring educational inequalities in hypertension control, salt knowledge and awareness, and patient advice: insights from the WHO STEPS surveys of adults from nine Eastern European and Central Asian countries.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Disparities and spatial variations of high salt intake in Iran: a subnational study of districts based on the small area estimation method.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- Article
- Urinary sodium excretion and its association with blood pressure in Nigeria: A nationwide population survey.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2020Article
- Quantifying the impact of the Public Health Responsibility Deal on salt intake, cardiovascular disease and gastric cancer burdens: interrupted time series and microsimulation study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2019Article
- Sodium and Potassium Intake, Knowledge Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Salt Consumption Amongst Adults in Podgorica, Montenegro.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Discretionary Salt Intake and Readiness for Behavioral Change Among Women in Tehran.International journal of preventive medicine · 2019Article
- Factors Associated with High Sodium Intake Assessed from 24-hour Urinary Excretion and the Potential Effect of Energy Intake.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2019Article
- Association between socioeconomic factors and urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio: the Nagahama Study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2018Article
- Main Sources, Socio-Demographic and Anthropometric Correlates of Salt Intake in Austria.Nutrients · 2018Article
- The Validity of Predictive Equations to Estimate 24-Hour Sodium Excretion: The MESA and CARDIA Urinary Sodium Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2017Article
- Article
- Article
- Population-level interventions in government jurisdictions for dietary sodium reduction.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe impact of the national salt reduction programme in the UK on social inequalities is unknown. We examined spatial and socioeconomic variations in salt intake in the 2008-2011 British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) and compared them with those before the programme in 2000-2001.
settingCross-sectional survey in Great Britain.
participants1027 Caucasian males and females, aged 19-64 years. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants' dietary sodium intake measured with a 4-day food diary. Bayesian geo-additive models used to assess spatial and socioeconomic patterns of sodium intake accounting for sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural confounders.
resultsDietary sodium intake varied significantly across socioeconomic groups, even when adjusting for geographical variations. There was higher dietary sodium intake in people with the lowest educational attainment (coefficient: 0.252 (90% credible intervals 0.003, 0.486)) and in low levels of occupation (coefficient: 0.109 (-0.069, 0.288)). Those with no qualification had, on average, a 5.7% (0.1%, 11.1%) higher dietary sodium intake than the reference group. Compared to 2000-2001 the gradient of dietary sodium intake from south to north was attenuated after adjustments for confounders. Estimated dietary sodium consumption from food sources (not accounting for discretionary sources) was reduced by 366 mg of sodium (∼0.9 g of salt) per day during the 10-year period, likely the effect of national salt reduction initiatives.
conclusionsSocial inequalities in salt intake have not seen a reduction following the national salt reduction programme and still explain more than 5% of salt intake between more and less affluent groups. Understanding the socioeconomic pattern of salt intake is crucial to reduce inequalities. Efforts are needed to minimise the gap between socioeconomic groups for an equitable delivery of cardiovascular prevention.
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