ArticleAnalytical chemistry2014
Theta-glass capillaries in electrospray ionization: rapid mixing and short droplet lifetimes.
Article in Analytical chemistry, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Anion-π interaction-induced phase separation as a prebiotic pathway to oxygenation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Improved Mass Analysis of Proteins and Protein Complexes Present in Common Biological Buffers and Physiological Concentrations of NaCl Using Solution Additives Delivered by Theta Emitters.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Interfacial electromigration for accelerated reactions.Analytica chimica acta · 2025Article
- Mass Spectrometry of Proteins and Protein Complexes Electrosprayed in the Presence of Common Biological Buffers Using Theta Emitters.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Structure Characterization of a Disordered Peptide Using In-Droplet Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Dynamics.ACS physical chemistry Au · 2025Article
- Interfacial Electromigration for Analysis of Biofluid Lipids in Small Volumes.Analytical chemistry · 2023Article
- The role of analyte concentration in accelerated reaction rates in evaporating droplets.Chemical science · 2023Article
- Aqueous microdroplets enable abiotic synthesis and chain extension of unique peptide isomers from free amino acids.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Approaches to Heterogeneity in Native Mass Spectrometry.Chemical reviews · 2022Review
- Vibrating Sharp-edge Spray Ionization (VSSI) for voltage-free direct analysis of samples using mass spectrometry.Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM · 2021Article
- Microdroplet synthesis of azo compounds with simple microfluidics-based pH control.RSC advances · 2020Article
- Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Footprinting for Higher-Order Structure Analysis: Fundamentals and Applications.Chemical reviews · 2020Review
- High-yield gram-scale organic synthesis using accelerated microdroplet/thin film reactions with solvent recycling.Chemical science · 2020Article
- Rapid Solution-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange for Metabolite Compound Identification.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2019Article
- A microdroplet-accelerated Biginelli reaction: mechanisms and separation of isomers using IMS-MS.Chemical science · 2019Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
Double-barrel wire-in-a-capillary electrospray emitters prepared from theta-glass capillaries were used to mix solutions during the electrospray process. The relative flow rate of each barrel was continuously monitored with internal standards. The complexation reaction of 18-crown-6 and K(+), introduced from opposite barrels, reaches equilibrium during the electrospray process, suggesting that complete mixing also occurs. A simplified diffusion model suggests that mixing occurs in less than a millisecond, and contributions of turbulence, estimated from times of coalescing ballistic microdroplets, suggest that complete mixing occurs within a few microseconds. This mixing time is 2 orders of magnitude less than in any mixer previously coupled to a mass spectrometer. The reduction of 2,6-dichloroindophenol by l-ascorbic acid was performed using the theta-glass emitters and monitored using mass spectrometry. On the basis of the rate constant of this reaction in bulk solution, an apparent reaction time of 274 ± 60 μs was obtained. This reaction time is an upper limit to the droplet lifetime because the surface area to volume ratio and the concentration of reagents increase as the droplet evaporates and some product formation occurs in the Taylor cone prior to droplet formation. On the basis of increases in reaction rates measured by others in droplets compared to rates in bulk solution, the true droplet lifetime is likely 1-3 orders of magnitude less than the upper limit, i.e., between 27 μs and 270 ns. The rapid mixing and short droplet lifetime achieved in these experiments should enable the monitoring of many different fast reactions using mass spectrometry.
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