Trial reportThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2014
Sex differences in atazanavir pharmacokinetics and associations with time to clinical events: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5202.
Trial report in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Model-based evaluation of the interaction between ritonavir-boosted atazanavir and rifampicin in Ugandan adults with HIV.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Trial
- Race/Ethnicity and Protease Inhibitor Use Influence Plasma Tenofovir Exposure in Adults Living with HIV-1 in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5202.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2019Trial
- Inflammation investigated as a source of pharmacokinetic variability of atazanavir in AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol A5224s.Antiviral therapy · 2018Trial
- Demographic and Mental Health Predictors of HIV Care Outcomes Among Women Veterans.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Effect of Testosterone Therapy on Cytochrome P450 3A and P-Glycoprotein Activities Using Midazolam and Digoxin as Probe Substrates Among Transgender Adults.Pharmacotherapy · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Patient-Reported Outcomes Among People Living With HIV Switching to an Oral Dual Therapy: Results From the PROBI Study.AIDS research and treatment · 2025Article
- Associations between female birth sex and risk of chronic kidney disease development among people with HIV in the USA: A longitudinal, multicentre, cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- Just a Reflection: Does Drug Repurposing Perpetuate Sex-Gender Bias in the Safety Profile?Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Opioid and neuroHIV Comorbidity - Current and Future Perspectives.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Review
- PharmGKB summary: atazanavir pathway, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics.Pharmacogenetics and genomics · 2018Article
- Response by gender of HIV-1-infected subjects treated with abacavir/lamivudine plus atazanavir, with or without ritonavir, for 144 weeks.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2017Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Inflammatory and Immune Activation Markers Before and After Combined Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Article
- Barriers to a cure for HIV in women.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIt is uncertain whether HIV-1 antiretroviral exposure and clinical response varies between males and females or different race/ethnic groups. We describe ritonavir-enhanced atazanavir pharmacokinetics in relation to virological failure, safety and tolerability in treatment-naive individuals to investigate potential differences.
methodsPlasma samples were collected from participants in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5202 for measurement of antiretroviral concentrations. Individual estimates of apparent oral clearance of atazanavir (L/h) were calculated from a one-compartment model and divided into tertiles as slow (<7), middle (7 to <9; reference group) and fast (≥9). Associations between atazanavir clearance and clinical outcomes were estimated with a hazard ratio (HR) from Cox proportional hazards models. Interactions between atazanavir clearance and sex, race/ethnicity and NRTIs were investigated for each of the outcomes.
resultsAmong 786 participants, average atazanavir clearance was slower in females (n = 131) than males (n = 655). Atazanavir clearance was associated with time to virological failure (P = 0.053) and this relationship differed significantly by sex (P = 0.003). Females in the fast atazanavir clearance group had shorter time to virological failure (HR 3.49; 95% CI 1.24-9.84) compared with the middle (reference) atazanavir clearance group. Among males, the slow atazanavir clearance group had a higher risk of virological failure (HR 2.10; 95% CI 1.16-3.77).
conclusionsAtazanavir clearance differed by sex. Females with fast clearance and males with slow clearance had increased risk of virological failure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.