ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2014
Astrocyte galectin-9 potentiates microglial TNF secretion.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between Galectin Levels and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biomolecules · 2022Pooled it
- Cytokine-associated ROS and Ca2+ dysregulation in severe inflammatory cardiomyopathy.Cardiovascular research · 2026Observational
- Galectin-9 activates microglial asparagine endopeptidase and promotes α-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Article
- Astrocyte-driven immunosuppression in the brain tumor microenvironment.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Soluble TIM-3 and galectin-9 in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with disability at 6 months in aquaporin-4 IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Engineering a targeted daphnetin delivery system to enhance spinal cord injury treatment effectiveness.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Glycosylation in neuroinflammation: mechanisms, implications, and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Biomarkers of progressive multiple sclerosis decrease following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Sweet Aging: Glycocalyx and Galectins in CNS Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Galectin-9 induces IL-1β production as a key inflammatory cytokine in the acute myeloid leukemia cell line (U937).Research in pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease: molecular mechanisms and advances in therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Bulk-RNA and single-nuclei RNA seq analyses reveal the role of lactate metabolism-related genes in Alzheimer's disease.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Article
- Plasma galectin-9 relates to cognitive performance and inflammation among adolescents with vertically acquired HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2024Article
- Galectin-3 is upregulated in frontotemporal dementia patients with subtype specificity.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Exploring the role of galectin-9 and artemin as biomarkers in long COVID with chronic fatigue syndrome: links to inflammation and cognitive function.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Astrocytes in intracerebral hemorrhage: impact and therapeutic objectives.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Comprehensive Gene Expression Profiling Analysis of Adipose Tissue in Male Individuals from Fat- and Thin-Tailed Sheep Breeds.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Microbiota-dependent regulation of costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways via innate immune sensors and implications for immunotherapy.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAberrant neuroinflammation is suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of myriad neurological diseases. As such, determining the pathways that promote or inhibit glial activation is of interest. Activation of the surface glycoprotein T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein 3 (Tim-3) by the lectin galectin-9 has been implicated in promoting innate immune cell activation by potentiating or synergizing toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. In the present study we examined the role of the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway in glial activation in vitro.
methodPrimary monocultures of microglia or astrocytes, co-cultures containing microglia and astrocytes, and mixed glial cultures consisting of microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were stimulated with poly(I:C) or LPS, and galectin-9 up-regulation was determined. The effect of endogenous galectin-9 production on microglial activation was examined using cultures from wild-type and Lgals9 null mice. The ability for recombinant galectin-9 to promote microglia activation was also assessed. Tim-3 expression on microglia and BV2 cells was examined by qPCR and flow cytometry and its necessity in transducing the galectin-9 signal was determined using a Tim-3 specific neutralizing antibody or recombinant soluble Tim-3.
resultAstrocytes potentiated TNF production from microglia following TLR stimulation. Poly(I:C) stimulation increased galectin-9 expression in microglia and microglial-derived factors promoted galectin-9 up-regulation in astrocytes. Astrocyte-derived galectin-9 in turn enhanced microglial TNF production. Similarly, recombinant galectin-9 enhanced poly(I:C)-induced microglial TNF and IL-6 production. Inhibition of Tim-3 did not alter TNF production in mixed glial cultures stimulated with poly(I:C).
conclusionGalectin-9 functions as an astrocyte-microglia communication signal and promotes cytokine production from microglia in a Tim-3 independent manner. Activation of CNS galectin-9 likely modulates neuroinflammatory processes in which TNF and IL-6 contribute to either pathology or reparation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.