Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25157174›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014

Ionic liquids as a class of materials for transdermal delivery and pathogen neutralization.

Michael Zakrewsky, Katherine S Lovejoy, Theresa L Kern, Tarryn E Miller, Vivian Le, Amber Nagy, Andrew M Goumas, Rashi S Iyer, Rico E Del Sesto, Andrew T Koppisch and 2 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
93citing papers in PubMed
21.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

93 citing papers in PubMed, 325 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Extended local anesthesia enabled by flavonoid permeation enhancers.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Design Principles and Applications of Ionic Liquids for Transdermal Drug Delivery.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review

33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.

Michael ZakrewskyCenter for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;
Katherine S LovejoyMaterials Chemistry, Materials Physics and Applications Division and.
Theresa L KernBioenergy and Biome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545;
Tarryn E MillerMaterials Chemistry, Materials Physics and Applications Division and.
Vivian LeDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;
Amber NagyBioenergy and Biome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545;
Andrew M GoumasBioenergy and Biome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545;
Rashi S IyerBioenergy and Biome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545;
Rico E Del SestoDepartment of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, Dixie State University, St. George, UT 84770; and.
Andrew T KoppischDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011.
David T FoxBioenergy and Biome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; samir@engineering.ucsb.edu dfox@lanl.gov.
Samir MitragotriCenter for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; samir@engineering.ucsb.edu dfox@lanl.gov.
Los Alamos National Laboratory · USUniversity of California, Santa Barbara · USBioengineering Center · RUMayaterials (United States) · USNorthern Arizona University · USResearch Applications (United States) · USUtah Tech University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Biofilm-protected microbial infections in skin are a serious health risk that remains to be adequately addressed. The lack of progress in developing effective treatment strategies is largely due to the transport barriers posed by the stratum corneum of the skin and the biofilm. In this work, we report on the use of Ionic Liquids (ILs) for biofilm disruption and enhanced antibiotic delivery across skin layers. We outline the syntheses of ILs, analysis of relevant physicochemical properties, and subsequent neutralization effects on two biofilm-forming pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. Further, the ILs were also examined for cytotoxicity, skin irritation, delivery of antibiotics through the skin, and treatment of biofilms in a wound model. Of the materials examined, choline-geranate emerged as a multipurpose IL with excellent antimicrobial activity, minimal toxicity to epithelial cells as well as skin, and effective permeation enhancement for drug delivery. Specifically, choline-geranate was comparable with, or more effective than, bleach treatment against established biofilms of S. enterica and P. aeruginosa, respectively. In addition, choline-geranate increased delivery of cefadroxil, an antibiotic, by >16-fold into the deep tissue layers of the skin without inducing skin irritation. The in vivo efficacy of choline-geranate was validated using a biofilm-infected wound model (>95% bacterial death after 2-h treatment). This work establishes the use of ILs for simultaneous enhancement of topical drug delivery and antibiotic activity.

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsAdministration, CutaneousBiofilmsCell DeathEpithelial CellsHumansIonic LiquidsIrritantsMicrobial Sensitivity TestsPseudomonas aeruginosaReproducibility of ResultsSalmonella entericaSkinSkin, ArtificialSpectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredIonic LiquidsIrritantsantibacterialantibiotic resistanceantimicrobial agentsformulationion-pairing

Identifiers

PMID25157174
PMCPMC4169946
OpenAlexW2035959269

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.