ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Directed evolution of a far-red fluorescent rhodopsin.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Noise Sources and Strategies for Signal Quality Improvement in Biological Imaging: A Review Focused on Calcium and Cell Membrane Voltage Imaging.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Semirational Protein Engineering Yields Archaerhodopsin-3-Based Fluorescent Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators with Enhanced Brightness and Red Shifted Absorption Bands.Chem & bio engineering · 2025Article
- Super-resolution imaging of native fluorescent photoreceptors in chytrid fungal eyes.The EMBO journal · 2025Article
- Rhodopsin charge diffusion computations disclose contrasting color-tuning mechanisms.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Directed Evolution of a Modular Polyketide Synthase Thioesterase for Generation of a Hybrid Macrocyclic Ring System.ACS catalysis · 2025Article
- Molecular Spies in Action: Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors Light up Cellular Signals.Chemical reviews · 2024Review
- Rational Design of Far-Red Archaerhodopsin-3-Based Fluorescent Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators: from Elucidation of the Fluorescence Mechanism in Archers to Novel Red-Shifted Variants.ACS physical chemistry Au · 2024Article
- Effects of selection stringency on the outcomes of directed evolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Fluorescence of the Retinal Chromophore in Microbial and Animal Rhodopsins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Voltage Imaging with Engineered Proton-Pumping Rhodopsins: Insights from the Proton Transfer Pathway.ACS physical chemistry Au · 2023Review
- Unlocking chloride sensing in the red at physiological pH with a fluorescent rhodopsin-based host.Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- Article
- Towards translational optogenetics.Nature biomedical engineering · 2023Review
- Fluorescence Imaging of Cell Membrane Potential: From Relative Changes to Absolute Values.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Retinal chromophore charge delocalization and confinement explain the extreme photophysics of Neorhodopsin.Nature communications · 2022Article
- On the fluorescence enhancement of arch neuronal optogenetic reporters.Nature communications · 2022Article
- QuasAr Odyssey: the origin of fluorescence and its voltage sensitivity in microbial rhodopsins.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Use of red, far-red, and near-infrared light in imaging of yeasts and filamentous fungi.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins are a diverse group of photoactive transmembrane proteins found in all three domains of life. A member of this protein family, Archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch) of halobacterium Halorubrum sodomense, was recently shown to function as a fluorescent indicator of membrane potential when expressed in mammalian neurons. Arch fluorescence, however, is very dim and is not optimal for applications in live-cell imaging. We used directed evolution to identify mutations that dramatically improve the absolute brightness of Arch, as confirmed biochemically and with live-cell imaging (in Escherichia coli and human embryonic kidney 293 cells). In some fluorescent Arch variants, the pK(a) of the protonated Schiff-base linkage to retinal is near neutral pH, a useful feature for voltage-sensing applications. These bright Arch variants enable labeling of biological membranes in the far-red/infrared and exhibit the furthest red-shifted fluorescence emission thus far reported for a fluorescent protein (maximal excitation/emission at ∼ 620 nm/730 nm).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.