ArticleInfection and immunity2014
Inhibition of local immune responses by the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential Immune Responses Correlate With Chytridiomycosis Severity in Italian Crested Newts.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Host and environmental factors drive prevalence of the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Central African amphibians.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Amphibian cellular immune response to chytridiomycosis at metamorphic climax.Immunologic research · 2025Article
- Ontogeny of immunity and potential implications for co-infection.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Critical review of the phytohemagglutinin assay for assessing amphibian immunity.Conservation physiology · 2023Article
- Effects of temperature on the interaction between amphibian skin bacteria andFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Lymphocyte Inhibition by the Salamander-Killing Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans.Infection and immunity · 2022Article
- Early-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.PloS one · 2021Article
- Immunological Aspects of Chytridiomycosis.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Recovery and resiliency of skin microbial communities on the southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus) following two biotic disturbances.Animal microbiome · 2020Article
- Ancestral chytrid pathogen remains hypervirulent following its long coevolution with amphibian hosts.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Metabolites Involved in Immune Evasion byInfection and immunity · 2019Article
- Skin-associated lactic acid bacteria from North American bullfrogs as potential control agents of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.PloS one · 2019Article
- Chytridiomycosis causes catastrophic organism-wide metabolic dysregulation including profound failure of cellular energy pathways.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Using Terminal Transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End-labelling (TUNEL) and Caspase 3/7 Assays to Measure Epidermal Cell Death in Frogs with Chytridiomycosis.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2018Article
- Gene expression differs in susceptible and resistant amphibians exposed toRoyal Society open science · 2018Article
- Increased Numbers of Culturable Inhibitory Bacterial Taxa May Mitigate the Effects ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- Temperature-Dependent Effects of Cutaneous Bacteria on a Frog's Tolerance of Fungal Infection.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- Article
- Review of the Amphibian Immune Response to Chytridiomycosis, and Future Directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Amphibians are suffering unprecedented global declines. A leading cause is the infectious disease chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Chytridiomycosis is a skin disease which disrupts transport of essential ions leading to death. Soluble factors produced by B. dendrobatidis impair amphibian and mammalian lymphocytes in vitro, but previous studies have not shown the effects of these inhibitory factors in vivo. To demonstrate in vivo inhibition of immunity by B. dendrobatidis, a modified delayed-type-hypersensitivity (DTH) protocol was developed to induce innate and adaptive inflammatory swelling in the feet of Xenopus laevis by injection of killed bacteria or phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Compared to previous protocols for PHA injection in amphibians, this method induced up to 20-fold greater inflammatory swelling. Using this new protocol, we measured DTH responses induced by killed bacteria or PHA in the presence of B. dendrobatidis supernatants. Swelling induced by single injection of PHA or killed bacteria was not significantly affected by B. dendrobatidis supernatants. However, swelling caused by a secondary injection of PHA, was significantly reduced by B. dendrobatidis supernatants. As previously described in vitro, factors from B. dendrobatidis appear to inhibit lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory swelling but not swelling caused by an inducer of innate leukocytes. This suggests that B. dendrobatidis is capable of inhibiting lymphocytes in a localized response to prevent adaptive immune responses in the skin. The modified protocol used to induce inflammatory swelling in the present study may be more effective than previous methods to investigate amphibian immune competence, particularly in nonmodel species.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.