ArticleInfection and immunity2014
Influenza A virus alters pneumococcal nasal colonization and middle ear infection independently of phase variation.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Type I interferon signaling in hematopoietic cells impairs neutrophil antibacterial function in the middle ear during viral co-infection.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Targeted next-generation sequencing reveals pathogen spectrum, drug resistance characteristics, and clinical determinants in children with community-acquired pneumonia.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- A Trivalent Live Vaccine Elicits Cross-Species Protection Against Acute Otitis Media in a Murine Model.Vaccines · 2024Article
- IL-17RA promotes pathologic epithelial inflammation in a mouse model of upper respiratory influenza infection.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Infection with different human influenza A subtypes affects the period of susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections in ferrets.FEMS microbes · 2022Article
- Secondary infection withFEMS microbes · 2022Article
- Subversion of host immune responses by otopathogens during otitis media.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2019Review
- Review
- Double-Edged Role of Interleukin 17A in Streptococcus pneumoniae Pathogenesis During Influenza Virus Coinfection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Vitamin D and Otitis Media.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2019Review
- Nasal microbial composition and chronic otitis media with effusion: A case-control study.PloS one · 2019Article
- Hyperencapsulated mucoid pneumococcal isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis have increased biofilm density and persistence in vivo.Pathogens and disease · 2018Article
- Respiratory Viral Infection-Induced Microbiome Alterations and Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Nasopharyngeal polymicrobial colonization during health, viral upper respiratory infection and upper respiratory bacterial infection.The Journal of infection · 2017Article
- Panel 4: Report of the Microbiology Panel.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2017Review
- Pneumococcal Neuraminidase A (NanA) Promotes Biofilm Formation and Synergizes with Influenza A Virus in Nasal Colonization and Middle Ear Infection.Infection and immunity · 2017Article
- Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae Invasive Pathogenesis by a Protein-Based Vaccine Is Achieved by Suppression of Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Density during Influenza A Virus Coinfection.Infection and immunity · 2017Article
- Determinants of chronic otitis media with effusion in preschool children: a case-control study.BMC pediatrics · 2017Article
- Influenza A Virus Infection Predisposes Hosts to Secondary Infection with Different Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes with Similar Outcome but Serotype-Specific Manifestation.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- The role of respiratory viruses in the etiology of bacterial pneumonia: An ecological perspective.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is both a widespread nasal colonizer and a leading cause of otitis media, one of the most common diseases of childhood. Pneumococcal phase variation influences both colonization and disease and thus has been linked to the bacteria's transition from colonizer to otopathogen. Further contributing to this transition, coinfection with influenza A virus has been strongly associated epidemiologically with the dissemination of pneumococci from the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Using a mouse infection model, we demonstrated that coinfection with influenza virus and pneumococci enhanced both colonization and inflammatory responses within the nasopharynx and middle ear chamber. Coinfection studies were also performed using pneumococcal populations enriched for opaque or transparent phase variants. As shown previously, opaque variants were less able to colonize the nasopharynx. In vitro, this phase also demonstrated diminished biofilm viability and epithelial adherence. However, coinfection with influenza virus ameliorated this colonization defect in vivo. Further, viral coinfection ultimately induced a similar magnitude of middle ear infection by both phase variants. These data indicate that despite inherent differences in colonization, the influenza A virus exacerbation of experimental middle ear infection is independent of the pneumococcal phase. These findings provide new insights into the synergistic link between pneumococcus and influenza virus in the context of otitis media.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.