ReviewNature reviews. Rheumatology2014
Modulation of autoimmune rheumatic diseases by oestrogen and progesterone.
Review in Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 185 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Hormones in Psoriatic Disease: A Systematic Review.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2026Pooled it
- Causal effects of endometriosis on SLE, RA and SS risk: evidence from meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of Pregnancy on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Disease Course: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Pooled it
- Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- Polymorphisms at phase I-metabolizing enzyme and hormone receptor loci influence the response to anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2019Pooled it
- Body Mass Index and the Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Updated Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.BioMed research international · 2019Pooled it
- Assessment of IgG N-Glycan patterns in adult patients with immune thrombocytopenia and healthy individuals.Glycoconjugate journal · 2026Article
- Single mutation tunes IRF4 function and mediates B cell character to ameliorate murine lupus.iScience · 2025Article
- A real-world pharmacovigilance study of Certolizumab pegol based on FAERS database.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus manifesting as abdominal pain: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- The characteristics of peripheral blood lymphocyte main subsets in rheumatoid arthritis patients concurrent with hepatitis b virus infection: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Estrogen influences class-switched memory B cell frequency only in humans with two X chromosomes.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Contraceptives or Hormone Replacement Therapy and Associations with Autoimmune Conditions: Exploring Effects of Estrogen Analog Supplementation.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Article
- The toll like receptor 7 pathway and the sex bias of systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Helper T cells: A potential target for sex hormones to ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis? (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2024Review
- Sex difference in human diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Article
- Disparities in multimorbidity and comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis by sex across the lifespan.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Anastrozole and Tamoxifen Impact on IgG Glycome Composition Dynamics in Luminal A and Luminal B Breast Cancers.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is evident in the risk and expression of several human autoimmune diseases. Differences in disease manifestations observed between sexes are likely to involve immunomodulation by sex steroids, nonhormonal factors encoded by genes on the X and Y chromosomes, and immunological phenomena unique to pregnancy. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and perhaps other autoantibody-mediated diseases, oestrogen seems to increase the risk of disease in genetically predisposed women by targeting key immune pathways, including the type 1 interferon (IFN) response, differentiation of CD4(+) T helper cells and survival of autoreactive B cells. By contrast, progesterone seems to reduce the risk of SLE by counteracting the effects of oestrogen on some of these same pathways, which suggests that the balance between oestrogen and progesterone can determine disease expression. In this Review we focus on the roles of the sex steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone in modulating the risk and expression of SLE and rheumatoid arthritis. Intensive research in this area promises to identify novel therapeutic strategies and improve understanding of the immunological requirements and complications of pregnancy, and is expected to define the mechanisms behind sexual dimorphism in autoimmunity, immunity and other aspects of human health--a newly announced directive of the NIH.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.