ArticleBiological chemistry2014
Evolution of Klk4 and enamel maturation in eutherians.
Article in Biological chemistry, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pseudogenes document protracted parallel regression of oral anatomy in myrmecophagous mammals.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Reduction of Tooth Replacement Disproportionately Affects the Evolution of Enamel Matrix Proteins.Journal of molecular evolution · 2025Article
- Article
- NovelJournal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Pseudogenized Amelogenin Reveals Early Tooth Loss in True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae).Integrative and comparative biology · 2021Article
- Odontogenesis-associated phosphoprotein truncation blocks ameloblast transition into maturation in OdaphScientific reports · 2021Article
- Article
- The Evolution of Unusually Small Amelogenin Genes in Cetaceans; Pseudogenization, X-Y Gene Conversion, and Feeding Strategy.Journal of molecular evolution · 2020Article
- Odontogenic ameloblast-associated (ODAM) is inactivated in toothless/enamelless placental mammals and toothed whales.BMC evolutionary biology · 2019Article
- Evolutionary analysis of FAM83H in vertebrates.PloS one · 2017Article
- A FourthFrontiers in physiology · 2017Article
- MMP20, KLK4, and MMP20/KLK4 double null mice define roles for matrix proteases during dental enamel formation.Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2016Article
- Critical roles for WDR72 in calcium transport and matrix protein removal during enamel maturation.Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2015Article
- Maturation stage enamel malformations in Amtn and Klk4 null mice.Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix BiologyReview
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) is a secreted serine protease that degrades residual enamel proteins to facilitate their removal by ameloblasts, which increases mineralization and hardens the enamel. Mutations in human KLK4 cause hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. Enamel formed by Klk4 null mice is normal in thickness and prism structure, but the enamel layer retains proteins, is hypomineralized, and undergoes rapid attrition following tooth eruption. We searched multiple databases, retrieved Klk4 and Klk5 from various mammalian genomes, and identified Klk4 in 46 boreoeutherian genomes. In non-Boreoeutheria, Klk4 was detected in only one afrotherian genome (as a pseudogene), and not in the other six afrotherian, two xenarthran, or three marsupial genomes. In contrast, Klk5 was detected in both marsupial and eutherian mammals. Our phylogenetic and mutation rate analyses support the hypothesis that Klk4 arose from Klk5 by gene duplication near the divergence of Afrotheria, Xenarthra and Boreoeutheria, and that functionally-differentiated Klk4 survived only in Boreoeutheria. Afrotherian mammals share the feature of delayed dental eruption relative to boreoeutherian mammals. KLK4 shortens the time required for enamel maturation and could have alleviated negative selection following mutations that resulted in thicker enamel or earlier tooth eruption, without reducing enamel hardness or causing dental attrition.
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