ArticleBMC veterinary research2014
Effects of isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl on physiological variables continuously measured by telemetry in Wistar rats.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Improving physiological monitoring and reporting standards in preclinical stroke research.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- Microcirculatory impact of vatinoxan and fentanyl in male Wistar rats sedated with medetomidine and midazolam.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Retinal OCT Parameters and Physiological Dynamics as an Effect of Anesthesia in C57BL/6J Mice.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Anesthesia blocks the cardiovascular response to baroreceptor unloading in rats.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Protective Role of Octreotide in Acute and Chronic Lung Injuries.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Effect of anesthesia and measurement site on baseline blood pressure in rats (2021-2024).Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
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- Anesthetic effects of a mixture of xylazine, ketamine, and buprenorphine in laboratory rats subjected to short surgical procedures.Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Effects of vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl.Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Vinpocetine alleviated alveolar epithelial cells injury in experimental pulmonary fibrosis by targeting PPAR-γ/NLRP3/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathways.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- O-GlcNAcylation levels remain stable regardless of the anaesthesia in healthy rats.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effects of isoflurane anaesthesia depth and duration on renal function measured with [EJNMMI research · 2024Article
- An optimized protocol for the generation and monitoring of conditional orthotopic lung cancer in the KP mouse model using an adeno-associated virus vector compatible with biosafety level 1.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2023Article
- Use of a rat model to characterize 35 arterial pulse wave parameters in a comparative study of isoflurane and Zoletil/xylazine anesthesia and the effect of Acanthopanax senticosus extract.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2023Article
- Universal Recommendations on Planning and Performing the Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) with a Focus on Mice and Rats.Audiology research · 2023Article
- Medetomidine/midazolam/fentanyl narcosis alters cardiac autonomic tone leading to conduction disorders and arrhythmias in mice.Lab animal · 2023Article
- Anesthesia and analgesia for common research models of adult mice.Laboratory animal research · 2022Review
- Photoacoustic imaging provides an in vivo assessment of the preeclamptic placenta remodeling and function in response to therapy.Placenta · 2022Article
- General anesthesia globally synchronizes activity selectively in layer 5 cortical pyramidal neurons.Neuron · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study investigated effects on cardiovascular parameters during anaesthesia with isoflurane (ISO, 2-3 Vol%), ketamine-xylazine (KX, 100 mg•kg(-1) + 5 mg•kg(-1)) or a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (MMF, 0.15 mg•kg(-1) + 2.0 mg•kg(-1) + 0.005 mg•kg(-1)) in rats throughout induction, maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia. Rats were instrumented with a telemetric system for the measurement of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), pulse pressure (PP), heart rate (HR) and core body temperature (BT). The parameters were continuously measured before, during and after each type of anaesthesia. Forty minutes after induction, ISO delivery was terminated and MMF was antagonized with atipamezole-flumazenil-naloxone (AFN, 0.75 mg•kg(-1) + 0.2 mg•kg(-1) + 0.12 mg•kg(-1)) whereas KX was not antagonized.
resultsDifferences were observed between anaesthesias with KX (301 min) lasting much longer than MMF (45 min) and ISO (43 min). HR in ISO ([Formula: see text] = 404 ± 25 bpm) increased during the time of surgical tolerance whereas a HR decrease was observed in KX ([Formula: see text] = 255 ± 26 bpm) and MMF ([Formula: see text] = 209 ± 24 bpm). In ISO (MAP during time of surgical tolerance: [Formula: see text] = 89 ± 12.3 mmHg) and KX (MAP during wake-up period: [Formula: see text] = 84 ± 8.5 mmHg) mild hypotensive values were observed, whereas blood pressure (BP) in MMF (MAP during time of surgical tolerance: [Formula: see text] = 138 ± 9.9 mmHg) increased. Despite keeping animals on a warming pad, a loss of BT of about 1°C was seen in all groups. Additionally, we observed a peaked increase of HR ([Formula: see text] = 445 ± 20 bpm) during the wake-up period with ISO and an increase of PP ([Formula: see text] = 59 ± 8.5 mmHg) in MMF during the time of surgical tolerance.
conclusionThe anaesthesias influenced very differently the cardiovascular parameters measured in Wistar rats. ISO caused mild hypotension and increased HR whereas MMF produced a marked hypertension and a significant decrease of HR. The slightest alterations of BP, HR and BT were observed using KX, but the long wake-up and recovery period suggest the need for prolonged monitoring.
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