Trial reportJournal of athletic training
Importance of airflow for physiologic and ergogenic effects of precooling.
Trial report in Journal of athletic training. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Performance Benefits of Pre- and Per-cooling on Self-paced Versus Constant Workload Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Effects of a cooling vest with sham condition on walking capacity in heat-sensitive people with Multiple Sclerosis.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Trial
- Physiological Demands and Contributors to Variance of Core Temperature in 162 Recreational Runners during Distance Running in a Warm-Humid Environment.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2026Article
- Mixed pre-cooling improves thermal strain but not running performance in female endurance athletes exercising in the heat across the menstrual cycle.Temperature (Austin, Tex.) · 2025Article
- Precooling via immersion in COTemperature (Austin, Tex.) · 2024Article
- Thermoregulatory responses during road races in hot-humid conditions at the 2019 Athletics World Championships.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Article
- Moving in a hotter world: Maintaining adequate childhood fitness as a climate change countermeasure.Temperature (Austin, Tex.) · 2023Review
- Ecological rules for global species distribution also predict performance variation in Ironman triathletes.PloS one · 2023Article
- Effects of a Head-Cooling Cap on 5-Km Running Performance in the Heat.International journal of exercise science · 2023Article
- Effects of different external cooling placements prior to and during exercise on athletic performance in the heat: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Hydration and cooling in elite athletes: relationship with performance, body mass loss and body temperatures during the Doha 2019 IAAF World Athletics Championships.British journal of sports medicine · 2021Article
- An Evaluation of Personal Cooling Systems for Reducing Thermal Strain Whilst Working in Chemical/Biological Protective Clothing.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Effect of ice slushy ingestion and cold water immersion on thermoregulatory behavior.PloS one · 2019Article
- Individualized estimation of human core body temperature using noninvasive measurements.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2018Article
- Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values.Frontiers in physiology · 2018Review
- Cooling During Exercise: An Overlooked Strategy for Enhancing Endurance Performance in the Heat.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2017Review
- Defining the determinants of endurance running performance in the heat.Temperature (Austin, Tex.) · 2017Article
- Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up.Temperature (Austin, Tex.) · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextCooling the body before exercise (precooling) has been studied as an ergogenic aid for many thermal conditions; however, airflow accompanying exercise is seldom reported.
objectiveTo determine whether the physiologic and ergogenic benefits of precooling before endurance exercise may be negated with semirealistic airflow in hot conditions.
designCrossover study.
settingClimate-controlled chamber in a research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsTen fit, healthy cyclists. INTERVENTION(S): After a familiarization trial, participants completed 4 randomized, counterbalanced sessions consisting of no precooling versus precooling and no fan airflow versus airflow (~4.8 m/s) during exercise. Precooling was via chest-deep immersion (~24 °C) for 1 hour or until core temperature dropped 0.5 °C. Participants then cycled at 95% ventilatory threshold in a hot environment (temperature = 30 °C, relative humidity = 50%) until volitional exhaustion, core temperature reached >39.5 °C, or heart rate reached >95% of maximum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Thermal strain was assessed via core temperature (esophageal and rectal thermistors) and mean skin temperature (thermistors at 10 sites) and cardiovascular strain via heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion.
resultsEndurance time (28 ± 12 minutes without precooling or airflow) increased by 30 ± 23 minutes with airflow (~109%; 95% confidence interval = 12, 45 minutes; P < .001) and by 16 ± 15 minutes with precooling (~61%; 95% confidence interval = 4, 25 minutes; P = .013), but it was not further extended when the strategies were combined (29 ± 21 minutes longer than control). During cycling without precooling or airflow, mean core and skin temperatures were higher than in all other trials. Precooling reduced heart rate by 7-11 beats/min during the first 5 minutes of exercise, but this attenuation ended by 15 minutes.
conclusionsMost laboratory-based precooling studies have (inadvertently) overestimated the extent of the physiologic and ergogenic benefits for typical athlete-endurance situations. Precooling increases work capacity effectively when airflow is restricted but may have little or no benefit when airflow is present.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.