ArticlePLoS pathogens2014
Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of a Multiplex qPCR to Detect and IdentifyACS omega · 2025Article
- An Emerging Infectious Yeast to Watch:Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cryptococcus gattii meningitis in an immunocompromised patient in a hospital in the Peruvian Amazon: case report.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2025Article
- Decoding Cryptococcus: From African biodiversity to worldwide prevalence.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Cryptococcal pericarditis with unexplained lymphadenopathy in an immunocompetent patient: a case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Fungal mechanisms of intracellular survival: what can we learn from bacterial pathogens?Infection and immunity · 2023Review
- Nanotechnology-Based Strategies to Combat Multidrug-ResistantPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Genotypic Diversity and Antifungal Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus Gattii Species Complex from Argentina.Mycopathologia · 2023Article
- A Landscape of the Genomic Structure ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Phylogenomic Placement of American Southwest-Associated Clinical and Veterinary Isolates Expands Evidence for DistinctMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Striking Back against Fungal Infections: The Utilization of Nanosystems for Antifungal Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- X-linked immunodeficient (XID) mice exhibit high susceptibility to Cryptococcus gattii infection.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The need for environmental surveillance to understand the ecology, epidemiology and impact of Cryptococcus infection in Africa.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2021Review
- Environmental Status ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Discovery of 5-Nitro-6-thiocyanatopyrimidines as Inhibitors ofACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2021Article
- What Are the Best Parents for Hybrid Progeny? An Investigation into the Human Pathogenic FungusJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Molecular Markers Reveal Epidemiological Patterns and Evolutionary Histories of the Human PathogenicFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- CryptoType - Public Datasets for MALDI-TOF-MS Based Differentiation ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Cross-Disciplinary Genomics Approaches to Studying Emerging Fungal Infections.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
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Abstract
Ongoing Cryptococcus gattii outbreaks in the Western United States and Canada illustrate the impact of environmental reservoirs and both clonal and recombining propagation in driving emergence and expansion of microbial pathogens. C. gattii comprises four distinct molecular types: VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV, with no evidence of nuclear genetic exchange, indicating these represent distinct species. C. gattii VGII isolates are causing the Pacific Northwest outbreak, whereas VGIII isolates frequently infect HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California. VGI, VGII, and VGIII have been isolated from patients and animals in the Western US, suggesting these molecular types occur in the environment. However, only two environmental isolates of C. gattii have ever been reported from California: CBS7750 (VGII) and WM161 (VGIII). The incongruence of frequent clinical presence and uncommon environmental isolation suggests an unknown C. gattii reservoir in California. Here we report frequent isolation of C. gattii VGIII MATα and MATa isolates and infrequent isolation of VGI MATα from environmental sources in Southern California. VGIII isolates were obtained from soil debris associated with tree species not previously reported as hosts from sites near residences of infected patients. These isolates are fertile under laboratory conditions, produce abundant spores, and are part of both locally and more distantly recombining populations. MLST and whole genome sequence analysis provide compelling evidence that these environmental isolates are the source of human infections. Isolates displayed wide-ranging virulence in macrophage and animal models. When clinical and environmental isolates with indistinguishable MLST profiles were compared, environmental isolates were less virulent. Taken together, our studies reveal an environmental source and risk of C. gattii to HIV/AIDS patients with implications for the >1,000,000 cryptococcal infections occurring annually for which the causative isolate is rarely assigned species status. Thus, the C. gattii global health burden could be more substantial than currently appreciated.
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