ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2014
Intranasal administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG induces superior protection against aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal BCG Vaccination and Immune Layering: Route-Dependent Programming of Immunity at the Respiratory Interface.Vaccines · 2026Review
- BCG immunisation through intranasal instillation protects mice against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by enhancing alveolar macrophage activity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Improved immune responses and tuberculosis protection by aerosol vaccination with recombinant BCG expressing ESX-1 from Mycobacterium marinum.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2025Review
- Recombinant BCG Expressing IL-12 as A Novel Immunomodulatory Strategy for Allergic Asthma: Opportunities and Challenges.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Deconvoluting the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity in BCG-induced nonspecific and TB-specific host resistance.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Heat-killediScience · 2024Article
- Intravenous BCG Vaccination of Diversity Outbred Mice Results in Moderately Enhanced Protection against Challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Compared to Intradermal Vaccination.Infection and immunity · 2023Article
- A five-antigen Esx-5a fusion delivered as a prime-boost regimen protects againstFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Repurposing mucosal delivery devices for live attenuated tuberculosis vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Vaccination Strategies in a Potential Use of the Vaccine against Bovine Tuberculosis in Infected Herds.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Review
- Increased Heme Oxygenase 1 Expression upon a Primary Exposure to the Respiratory Syncytial Virus and a SecondaryAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A century of BCG vaccination: Immune mechanisms, animal models, non-traditional routes and implications for COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Recombinant BCGs for tuberculosis and bladder cancer.Vaccine · 2021Review
- A review of the BCG vaccine and other approaches toward tuberculosis eradication.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Review
- Development of a formulation platform for a spray-dried, inhalable tuberculosis vaccine candidate.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Development and Testing of a Spray-Dried Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate in a Mouse Model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Adaption of the ex vivo mycobacterial growth inhibition assay for use with murine lung cells.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Mucosal delivery of tuberculosis vaccines: a review of current approaches and challenges.Expert review of vaccines · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), TB remains a global epidemic. To assess whether more direct targeting of the lung mucosa by respiratory immunization would enhance the potency and longevity of BCG-induced anti-TB protective immunity, the long-term impact of intranasal (i.n.) BCG vaccination was compared to conventional subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization by using a mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Although significantly improved protection in the lung was seen at early time points (2 and 4 months postvaccination) in i.n. BCG-immunized mice, no differences in pulmonary protection were seen 8 and 10 months postvaccination. In contrast, in all of the study periods, i.n. BCG vaccination induced significantly elevated protective splenic responses relative to s.c. immunization. At five of nine time points, we observed a splenic protective response exceeding 1.9 log10 protection relative to the s.c. route. Furthermore, higher frequencies of CD4 T cells expressing gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IFN-γ/tumor necrosis factor alpha, as well as CD8 T cells expressing IFN-γ, were detected in the spleens of i.n. vaccinated mice. Using PCR arrays, significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ, interleukin-9 (IL-9), IL-11, and IL-21 expression were also seen in the spleen at 8 months after respiratory BCG immunization. Overall, while i.n. BCG vaccination provided short-term enhancement of protection in the lung relative to s.c. immunization, potent and extremely persistent splenic protective responses were seen for at least 10 months following respiratory immunization.
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