ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2014
The parametric g-formula for time-to-event data: intuition and a worked example.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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111 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
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- Loneliness and cognitive function in later life: a population-based counterfactual analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Use of causal inference methods in case-control studies: a methodology review.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and subsequent risk of hospital-diagnosed post-acute sequelae in Denmark (2020-2022): a nationwide cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Article
- Disentangling social isolation, loneliness, and later-life cognitive function for older adults in the United States: evidence from causal inference modeling.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Interpreting Impacts of Population-Level Interventions in the Presence of Exposure Misclassification.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Impact of interventions to prevent asbestos-related respiratory disease in an exposed worker registry using a simplified G-computation.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Deep Doubly Debiased Longitudinal Effect Estimation with ICE G-Computation.KDD : proceedings. International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining · 2026Article
- Simulated Improvements in Influence at Work and Reduction in Sickness Absence Among Young Employees: A Nationwide Register-Based Study.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- Progression-free survival outcomes of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer: an exploratory analysis of treatment heterogeneity based on organ vulnerability.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Synthetic target trial emulation and predictive modeling of amylin-pathway therapies for obesity and type 2 diabetes.Metabolism open · 2025Article
- [Methodological appraisal of statistical approaches to evaluating the impact of chronic graft-versus-host disease on mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation].Zhonghua xue ye xue za zhi = Zhonghua xueyexue zazhi · 2025Article
- Variational temporal deconfounder network for individualized treatment effect estimation with longitudinal observational data.Journal of biomedical informatics · 2025Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Abstract
backgroundThe parametric g-formula can be used to estimate the effect of a policy, intervention, or treatment. Unlike standard regression approaches, the parametric g-formula can be used to adjust for time-varying confounders that are affected by prior exposures. To date, there are few published examples in which the method has been applied.
methodsWe provide a simple introduction to the parametric g-formula and illustrate its application in an analysis of a small cohort study of bone marrow transplant patients in which the effect of treatment on mortality is subject to time-varying confounding.
resultsStandard regression adjustment yields a biased estimate of the effect of treatment on mortality relative to the estimate obtained by the g-formula.
conclusionsThe g-formula allows estimation of a relevant parameter for public health officials: the change in the hazard of mortality under a hypothetical intervention, such as reduction of exposure to a harmful agent or introduction of a beneficial new treatment. We present a simple approach to implement the parametric g-formula that is sufficiently general to allow easy adaptation to many settings of public health relevance.
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