Trial reportClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research2014
Smoking and risk of low- and high-grade prostate cancer: results from the REDUCE study.
Trial report in Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of cigarette smoking habits with the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Genitourinary malignancy among patients presenting with microscopic hematuria in Northwestern Ontario.Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada · 2026Article
- Kidney, Prostate, and Bladder Cancer Burden Attributable to Tobacco Smoke Exposure in BRICS Countries from 1990 to 2021: A Systematic Analysis Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Smoking and the risk of prostate cancer: a review of risk and disease progression.Genes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society · 2025Review
- Association of cigarette use with risk of prostate cancer among US males: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 1999-2020.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The global burden of smoking-related prostate cancer from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2031.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- From molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer to translational applications: based on multi-omics fusion analysis and intelligent medicine.Health information science and systems · 2024Review
- Impact of Smoking on Overall and Cancer-Specific Mortality in Prostate Cancer: Elevated Risks in Older and Early-Stage Patients-A Population-Based Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effect of smoking on prostate cancer: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2018 and Mendelian randomization analyses.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Review
- Impact of modifiable lifestyle risk factors for prostate cancer prevention: a review of the literature.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Glucose-regulated protein 78 modulates cell growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and oxidative stress in the hyperplastic prostate.Cell death & disease · 2022Article
- Data-driven translational prostate cancer research: from biomarker discovery to clinical decision.Journal of translational medicine · 2020Review
- The prediction value of PI-RADS v2 score in high-grade Prostate Cancer: a multicenter retrospective study.International journal of medical sciences · 2020Article
- PAGE4 promotes prostate cancer cells survive under oxidative stress through modulating MAPK/JNK/ERK pathway.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2019Article
- Article
- Preoperative PROSTATE scoring system: a potential predictive tool for the risk of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.Cancer management and research · 2018Article
- Tobacco-Specific Carcinogens Induce Hypermethylation, DNA Adducts, and DNA Damage in Bladder Cancer.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2017Article
- Biases in Recommendations for and Acceptance of Prostate Biopsy Significantly Affect Assessment of Prostate Cancer Risk Factors: Results From Two Large Randomized Clinical Trials.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2016Review
- A Perspective on Prostate Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention.Current pharmacology reports · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAlthough the relationship between smoking and prostate cancer risk is inconsistent, some studies show that smoking is associated with prostate cancer mortality. Whether this reflects delayed diagnosis or direct smoking-related effects is unknown. REDUCE, which followed biopsy-negative men with protocol-dictated prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-independent biopsies at 2 and 4 years, provides an opportunity to evaluate smoking and prostate cancer diagnosis with minimal confounding from screening biases. EXPERIMENTAL
designLogistic regression was conducted to test the association between smoking and cancer on the first on-study biopsy (no cancer, low-grade Gleason 4-6, high-grade Gleason 7-10) in REDUCE.
resultsOf 6,240 men with complete data and ≥1 on-study biopsy, 2,937 (45.8%) never smoked, 929 (14.5%) were current smokers, and 2,554 (39.8%) were former smokers. Among men with negative first on-study biopsies, smokers were 36% less likely to receive a second on-study biopsy (P < 0.001). At first on-study biopsy, 941 (14.7%) men had cancer. Both current and former smoking were not significantly associated with either total or low-grade prostate cancer (all P > 0.36). Current (OR = 1.44, P = 0.028) but not former smokers (OR = 1.21, P = 0.12) were at increased risk of high-grade disease. On secondary analysis, there was an interaction between smoking and body mass index (BMI; Pinteraction = 0.017): current smokers with BMI ≤ 25 kg/m(2) had an increased risk of low-grade (OR = 1.54, P = 0.043) and high-grade disease (OR = 2.45, P = 0.002), with null associations for BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2).
conclusionAmong men with elevated PSA and negative pre-study biopsy in REDUCE, in which biopsies were largely PSA independent, smoking was unrelated to overall prostate cancer diagnosis but was associated with increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.