ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2014
Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and the risk of congenital cerebral palsy in children.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ambient air pollution during pregnancy and offspring cerebral palsy.Environment international · 2026Article
- Health Impacts of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): A Comprehensive Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Effects of Early-life PFAS Exposure on Child Neurodevelopment: A Review of the Evidence and Research gaps.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Ambient Toxic Air Contaminants in the Maternal Residential Area during Pregnancy and Cerebral Palsy in the Offspring.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Association between gestational levels of toxic metals and essential elements and cerebral palsy in children.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Child Growth Trajectories in the First Two Years.Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Facial Features at 5 Years of Age: A Study from the Danish National Birth Cohort.Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- Sexually Dimorphic Accumulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Fetuses.Frontiers in toxicology · 2022Review
- Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Subsequent Brain Structure Changes Revealed by Voxel-Based Morphometry and Generalized Q-Sampling MRI.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and behavioral difficulties in childhood at 7 and 11 years.Environmental research · 2020Article
- PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2020Article
- Article
- Identifying Risk Factors for Levels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Placenta in a High-Risk Pregnancy Cohort in North Carolina.Environmental science & technology · 2020Article
- Maternal Plasma Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Miscarriage: A Nested Case-Control Study in the Danish National Birth Cohort.Environmental health perspectives · 2020Article
- Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Maternal Thyroid Hormones in Early Pregnancy; Findings in the Danish National Birth Cohort.Environmental health perspectives · 2019Article
- Cord blood perfluoroalkyl substances in mothers exposed to the World Trade Center disaster during pregnancy.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2019Article
- Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances during Fetal Life and Pubertal Development in Boys and Girls from the Danish National Birth Cohort.Environmental health perspectives · 2019Article
- Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2018Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Birth Outcomes; An Updated Analysis from the Danish National Birth Cohort.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent pollutants and endocrine disruptors that may affect fetal brain development. We investigated whether prenatal exposure to PFASs increases the risk of congenital cerebral palsy (CP). The source population for this study includes 83,389 liveborn singletons and mothers enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort during 1996-2002. We identified 156 CP cases by linking the cohort to the Danish National Cerebral Palsy Register, and we randomly selected 550 controls using a case-cohort design. We measured 16 PFASs in maternal plasma collected in early or midpregnancy, and 6 PFASs were quantifiable in more than 90% of the samples. We found a higher risk of CP in boys with higher maternal PFAS levels; per 1-unit (natural-log ng/mL) increase, the risk ratios were 1.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.0, 2.8) for perfluorooctane sulfonate and 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.2, 3.6) for perfluorooctanoic acid. We also observed a dose-response pattern of CP risk in boys per quartile of maternal level of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid (P for trend < 0.01). PFASs were associated with both unilateral and bilateral spastic CP subphenotypes. No association between PFASs and CP was found in girls. Prenatal exposures to PFASs may increase the risk of CP in boys, but the finding is novel and replication is needed.
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Registered trials
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