SynthesisPloS one2014
Safety of hormonal replacement therapy and oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment Effects in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies of Pharmacological Interventions: A Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2024Pooled it
- Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Menopausal hormone therapy and women's health: An umbrella review.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- MiR‑365b‑5p and MiR‑3614‑5p are elevated in PBMCs of systemic lupus erythematosus and exhibit potential as complementary diagnostic indicators.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Fertility, pregnancy and lactation in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Menopausal hormone therapy and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis: a population-based nested case-control study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- The impact of hormones in autoimmune cutaneous diseases.The Journal of dermatological treatment · 2024Review
- Sex difference in human diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of sarcoidosis: a population-based nested case-control study in Sweden.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Sex bias in systemic lupus erythematosus: a molecular insight.Immunometabolism (Cobham, Surrey) · 2022Review
- Autoimmunity: Are we asking the right question?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Estrogen and estrogen receptors in kidney diseases.Renal failure · 2021Review
- Pathogenesis of Keratoconus: The intriguing therapeutic potential of Prolactin-inducible protein.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2018Review
- Antibodies toLupus science & medicine · 2018Article
- Menopause and Rheumatic Disease.Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America · 2017Review
- The Autoimmune Ecology.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Review
- Recommendations to Address the Unique Clinical and Psychological Needs of Transgender Persons Living With Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of MS careArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is conflicting data regarding exogenous sex hormones [oral contraceptives (OC) and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT)] exposure and different outcomes on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this work is to determine, through a systematic review and meta-analysis the risks associated with estrogen use for women with SLE as well as the association of estrogen with developing SLE. METHODS AND
findingsMEDLINE, EMBASE, SciElo, BIREME and the Cochrane library (1982 to July 2012), were databases from which were selected and reviewed (PRISMA guidelines) randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional, case-control and prospective or retrospective nonrandomized, comparative studies without language restrictions. Those were evaluated by two investigators who extracted information on study characteristics, outcomes of interest, risk of bias and summarized strength of evidence. A total of 6,879 articles were identified; 20 full-text articles were included. Thirty-two meta-analyses were developed. A significant association between HRT exposure (Random model) and an increased risk of developing SLE was found (Rate Ratio: 1.96; 95%-CI: 1.51-2.56; P-value<0.001). One of eleven meta-analyses evaluating the risk for SLE associated with OC exposure had a marginally significant result. There were no associations between HRT or OC exposure and specific outcomes of SLE. It was not always possible to Meta-analyze all the available data. There was a wide heterogeneity of SLE outcome measurements and estrogen therapy administration.
conclusionAn association between HRT exposure and SLE causality was observed. No association was found when analyzing the risk for SLE among OC users, however since women with high disease activity/Thromboses or antiphospholipid-antibodies were excluded from most of the studies, caution should be exercised in interpreting the present results. To identify risk factors that predispose healthy individuals to the development of SLE who are planning to start HRT or OC is suggested.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.