Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25136966›Full record

ArticlePloS one2014

Development of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh: a case-control study on risk factors.

Mahfuza Rifat, Abul Hasnat Milton, John Hall, Christopher Oldmeadow, Md Akramul Islam, Ashaque Husain, Md Wahiduzzaman Akhanda, Bodrun Naher Siddiquea

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
37citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

37 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  6. Drug resistance trends in Tuberculosis cases: Insights from a decade of surveillance data.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026
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  11. Tuberculosis multirresistente en Colombia, 2013-2018: estudio de casos y controlesBiomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2023
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Mahfuza RifatThe University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Abul Hasnat MiltonThe University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
John HallThe University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
Christopher OldmeadowThe University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
Md Akramul IslamBRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Ashaque HusainNational Tuberculosis Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Md Wahiduzzaman AkhandaNational Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bodrun Naher SiddiqueaBRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
BRAC · BDUniversity of Newcastle Australia · AUDirectorate General of Health Services · BDNational Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases · BD

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo determine the risk factors for developing multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh.

methodsThis case-control study was set in central, district and sub-district level hospitals of rural and urban Bangladesh. Included were 250 multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients as cases and 750 drug susceptible tuberculosis patients as controls. We recruited cases from all three government hospitals treating MDR-TB in Bangladesh during the study period. Controls were selected randomly from those local treatment units that had referred the cases. Information was collected through face-to-face interviews and record reviews. Unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyse the data.

resultsPrevious treatment history was shown to be the major contributing factor to MDR-TB in univariate analysis. After adjusting for other factors in multivariable analysis, age group "18-25" (OR 1.77, CI 1.07-2.93) and "26-45" (OR 1.72, CI 1.12-2.66), some level of education (OR 1.94, CI 1.32-2.85), service and business as occupation (OR 2.88, CI 1.29-6.44; OR 3.71, CI 1.59-8.66, respectively), smoking history (OR 1.58, CI 0.99-2.5), and type 2 diabetes (OR 2.56 CI 1.51-4.34) were associated with MDR-TB. Previous treatment was not included in the multivariable analysis as it was correlated with multiple predictors.

conclusionPrevious tuberculosis treatment was found to be the major risk factor for MDR-TB. This study also identified age 18 to 45 years, some education up to secondary level, service and business as occupation, past smoking status, and type 2 diabetes as comorbid illness as risk factors. National Tuberculosis programme should address these risk factors in MDR-TB control strategy. The integration of MDR-TB control activities with diabetes and tobacco control programmes is needed in Bangladesh.

Indexed as

AdultBangladeshCase-Control StudiesFemaleHumansLogistic ModelsMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsTuberculosis, Multidrug-ResistantYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID25136966
PMCPMC4138182
OpenAlexW2024033965

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.