ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2014
Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent lymphangiogenesis promotes nodal metastasis of postpartum breast cancer.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prognosis of Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Contemporary Observational Studies.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Pregnancy promotes tumor metastasis through adenosine-induced immunosuppressive neutrophils in pre-metastatic microenvironment.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Postpartum breast cancer as a distinct oncologic entity: linking physiological tissue remodelling to tumor biology and clinical translation.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Review
- Clinical and Pathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Breast Cancer During Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Observational
- SOX9 and SEMA7A regulate cell plasticity in the postpartum mammary gland with implications for breast cancer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Postpartum breast cancer: evidence for a distinct phenotype.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Impact of timing, age and parity on clinicopathologic and prognostic factors in pregnancy-associated breast cancer.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- S-nitrosylated COX-2 is a microenvironment-regulated breast cancer cell biomarker of mesenchymal phenotypes.Experimental cell research · 2026Article
- Induction of senescence during postpartum mammary gland involution supports tissue remodeling and promotes postpartum tumorigenesis.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Semaphorin-7A promotes macrophage-mediated mammary epithelial and ductal carcinoma in situ invasion.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Semaphorin7A and PD-L1 cooperatively drive immunosuppression during mammary involution and breast cancer.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Lymphatic transport in anti-tumor immunity and metastasis.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- From Embryogenesis to Senescence: The Role of Mammary Gland Physiology in Breast Cancer Risk.Cancers · 2025Review
- Pregnancy and breast cancer in young women: current updates and future directions.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2025Review
- Regulation of VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelial cells.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Associations amongst genes, molecules, cells, and organs in breast cancer metastasis.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2024Review
- Altered liver metabolism post-wean abolishes efficacy of vitamin D for breast cancer prevention in a mouse model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Lymphatic vessels in the age of cancer immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2024Review
- Breast cancer and the steadily increasing maternal age: are they colliding?BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Hallmarks of sex bias in immuno-oncology: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2024Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Breast involution following pregnancy has been implicated in the high rates of metastasis observed in postpartum breast cancers; however, it is not clear how this remodeling process promotes metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that human postpartum breast cancers have increased peritumor lymphatic vessel density that correlates with increased frequency of lymph node metastases. Moreover, lymphatic vessel density was increased in normal postpartum breast tissue compared with tissue from nulliparous women. In rodents, mammary lymphangiogenesis was upregulated during weaning-induced mammary gland involution. Furthermore, breast cancer cells exposed to the involuting mammary microenvironment acquired prolymphangiogenic properties that contributed to peritumor lymphatic expansion, tumor size, invasion, and distant metastases. Finally, in rodent models of postpartum breast cancer, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition during the involution window decreased normal mammary gland lymphangiogenesis, mammary tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis, tumor cell invasion into lymphatics, and metastasis. Our data indicate that physiologic COX-2-dependent lymphangiogenesis occurs in the postpartum mammary gland and suggest that tumors within this mammary microenvironment acquire enhanced prolymphangiogenic activity. Further, our results suggest that the prolymphangiogenic microenvironment of the postpartum mammary gland has potential as a target to inhibit metastasis and suggest that further study of the therapeutic efficacy of COX-2 inhibitors in postpartum breast cancer is warranted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.