ReviewLearning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)2014
A review on human reinstatement studies: an overview and methodological challenges.
Review in Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Effect of Tryptophan Depletion on Conditioned Threat Memory Expression: Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2021Trial
- Effects of intranasal insulin as an enhancer of fear extinction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Augmenting extinction learning with D-cycloserine reduces return of fear: a randomized, placebo-controlled fMRI study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Post-retrieval oxytocin facilitates next day extinction of threat memory in humans.Psychopharmacology · 2019Trial
- Effects of Approach-Avoidance Training on the Extinction and Return of Fear Responses.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Are Fear Learning Processes Altered in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Social Anxiety, and Specific Phobia? Insights From the Late Positive Potential, Fear-Potentiated Startle, and Ratings.Psychophysiology · 2026Article
- Article
- A systematic review of spontaneous recovery in human fear conditioning.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Utilizing rewards to dampen fear and its recovery.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The impact of distal stress on the spontaneous recovery of conditioned defensive responses.Neurobiology of stress · 2025Article
- The impact of extinction timing on pre-extinction arousal and subsequent return of fear.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Fear conditioning is preserved in very preterm-born young adults despite increased anxiety levels.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Inhibitory Learning during Exposure Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa: A Practical Guide.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Use of experimental medicine approaches for the development of novel psychiatric treatments based on orexin receptor modulation.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Review
- Understanding Human Fear Extinction: Insights from Psychophysiology.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Article
- Hippocampus and amygdala fear memory engrams re-emerge after contextual fear relapse.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex blocks the return of subcortically mediated fear responses.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In human research, studies of return of fear (ROF) phenomena, and reinstatement in particular, began only a decade ago and recently are more widely used, e.g., as outcome measures for fear/extinction memory manipulations (e.g., reconsolidation). As reinstatement research in humans is still in its infancy, providing an overview of its stability and boundary conditions and summarizing methodological challenges is timely to foster fruitful future research. As a translational endeavor, clarifying the circumstances under which (experimental) reinstatement occurs may offer a first step toward understanding relapse as a clinical phenomenon and pave the way for the development of new pharmacological or behavioral ways to prevent ROF. The current state of research does not yet allow pinpointing these circumstances in detail and we hope this review will aid the research field to advance in this direction. As an introduction, we begin with a synopsis of rodent work on reinstatement and theories that have been proposed to explain the findings. The review however mainly focuses on reinstatement in humans. We first describe details and variations of the experimental setup in reinstatement studies in humans and give a general overview of results. We continue with a compilation of possible experimental boundary conditions and end with the role of individual differences and behavioral and/or pharmacological manipulations. Furthermore, we compile important methodological and design details on the published studies in humans and end with open research questions and some important methodological and design recommendations as a guide for future research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.