ArticleAntimicrobial resistance and infection control2014
Incidence and predictors of surgical site infections following caesarean sections at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania.
Article in Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04667000 (The Effect Of Forced Air Warming Used For Different Body Parts During Caseraen Section On Maternal Hypothermia, Shivering, Thermal Comfort, Apgar Score And Breastfeeding), which is not on this map. Cited by 77 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect Of Forced Air Warming Used For Different Body Parts During Caseraen Section On Maternal Hypothermia, Shivering, Thermal Comfort, Apgar Score And Breastfeeding: Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for surgical site infections following cesarean section in Ethiopia: umbrella review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Pooled it
- Epidemiology of surgical site infections post-cesarean section in Africa: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Pooled it
- Surgical site infections after caesarean section across sub-Sahara Africa: a scoping review of prevalence and associated factors.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Pooled it
- Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Women with Post-Partum Infections in Low-Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence of post-caesarean section surgical site infections in Rwanda: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International wound journal · 2024Pooled it
- An integrative review of home care recommendations for women after caesarean section.Nursing open · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance of endemic healthcare-associated infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- The Effect and Feasibility of mHealth-Supported Surgical Site Infection Diagnosis by Community Health Workers After Cesarean Section in Rural Rwanda: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2022Trial
- Effectiveness of preoperative bath using chloroxylenol antiseptic soap on the incidence of post emergency cesarean section surgical site infection at Mbarara Regional Referral hospital, Uganda: a randomized controlled trial.The Pan African medical journal · 2022Trial
- Onset of first symptoms and timing of clinician notification of surgical site infections following cesarean section: evidence from six tertiary hospitals in Nigeria.Infection prevention in practice · 2026Article
- World Health Organization bacterial priority pathogens in skin and soft tissue infections: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and risk factors in Mwanza, Tanzania.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Magnitude and Associated Factors of Surgical Site Infection Following Cesarean Section: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Ethiopia.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Burden and associated factors of surgical site infection following caesarean section in a Nigerian tertiary hospital: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Incidence of Post-cesarean wound infections, bacterial profiles, resistant patterns, and associated costs among women delivering at public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: multi center study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Surgical site infection and associated factors among women who underwent cesarean delivery at Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Predictors of surgical site infections following cesarean delivery in public hospitals of West Ethiopia: A cohort study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Implementing a surveillance and prevention program for post-caesarean surgical site infections in Kenya.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- Barriers to Effective Wound Healing in Surgical Site Infection Following Cesarean Section.Annals of African medicine · 2025Observational
- Predictors of post caesarean section surgical site infection and referral pattern for caesarean section in a tribal dominant and resource constraint tertiary level health care Center of Central India.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Incidence and risk factors of surgical site infection following cesarean section: a prospective cohort study at Jimma university medical center.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSurgical site infection (SSI) is the second most common infectious complication after urinary tract infection following a delivery by caesarean section (CS). At Bugando Medical Centre there has no study documenting the epidemiology of SSI after CS despite the large number of CSs performed and the relatively common occurrence of SSIs.
methodsThis was a prospective cohort study involving pregnant women who underwent a CS between October 2011 and February 2012 at Bugando Medical Centre. A total of 345 pregnant women were enrolled. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Wound specimens were collected and processed as per standard operative procedures; and susceptibility testing was carried out using a disc diffusion technique. Data was analyzed using STATA version 11.
resultsThe overall cumulative incidence of SSI was 10.9% with an incidence rate of 37.5 per 10,000 people/day (95% CI, 26.8-52.4). The median time from CS to the development of SSI was 7 days (interquartile range [IQR] = 6-9 days). Six independent risk factors for post caesarean SSI as identified in this study by multivariate analysis are: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HR: 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.6; P = 0.021), severe anaemia (HR: 3.8; 95% CI, 1.2-12.4, P = 0.028), surgical wound class III (HR: 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.0; P = 0.021), multiple vaginal examinations (HR: 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.1; P = 0.011), prolonged duration of operation (HR: 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-5.5; P = 0.015) and an operation performed by an intern or junior doctor (HR: 4.0; 95% CI, 1.7-9.2; P = 0.001). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism (27.3%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.7%). Patients with a SSI had a longer average hospital stay than those without a SSI (12.7 ± 6.9 vs. 4 ± 1.7; P < 0.0001) and the case fatality rate among patients with a SSI was 2.9%.
conclusionSSIs are common among women undergoing CSs at Bugando Medical Centre. SSIs were commonly associated with multiple factors. Strategies to control these factors are urgently needed to control SSIs post CS at Bugando Medical Centre and other centres in developing countries.
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