ArticleBMC public health2014
How immigrants adapt their smoking behaviour: comparative analysis among Turkish immigrants in Germany and the Netherlands.
Article in BMC public health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Health Risk Behaviours by Immigrants' Duration of Residence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of public health · 2022Pooled it
- Association Between Parental Social Position and Childhood Overweight: Mediation by Lifestyle and BMI Patterns During Pregnancy.Pediatric obesity · 2025Article
- Serum cotinine as a predictor of lipid-related indices in Turkish immigrants with type 2 diabetes: A clinic-based cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Smoking During Pregnancy Among Immigrant Women With Same-Origin and Swedish-Born Partners.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Article
- Migration-related changes in smoking among non-Western immigrants in France.European journal of public health · 2019Article
- Smoking among immigrant groups in metropolitan France: prevalence levels, male-to-female ratios and educational gradients.BMC public health · 2018Article
- Lifestyle differences between older migrants and non-migrants in 14 European countries using propensity score matching method.International journal of public health · 2018Article
- Article
- Healthier central England or North-South divide? Analysis of national survey data on smoking and high-risk drinking.BMJ open · 2017Article
- Smoking prevalence differs by location of residence among Ghanaians in Africa and Europe: The RODAM study.PloS one · 2017Article
- Effect of Length of Stay on Smoking among Turkish and Eastern European Immigrants in Germany--Interpretation in the Light of the Smoking Epidemic Model and the Acculturation Theory.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Article
- Tobacco addiction and smoking cessation in Austrian migrants: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmoking behaviour among immigrants is assumed to converge to that of the host country's majority population with increasing duration of stay. We compared smoking prevalence among Turkish immigrants residing in two different countries (Germany (DE)/the Netherlands (NL)) between and within countries by time spent in Turkey and DE/NL.
methodsThe German 2009 micro-census and the Dutch POLS database (national survey, 1997-2004) were analysed. An interaction variable with dichotomised length of stay (LOS) in Turkey (age: 0-17; 18+) and categorised LOS in the host country (immigration year: 1979 and earlier, 1980-1999, 2000-2009; the latter only for Germany) was generated. Age standardised smoking prevalences and sex-specific logistic regression models were calculated.
results6,517 Turkish participants were identified in Germany, 2,106 in the Netherlands. Age-standardised smoking prevalences were higher among Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands compared to those in Germany: 62.3% vs. 53.1% (men/lower education); 30.6% vs. 23.0% (women/lower education). A similar trend was observed for the majority population of both countries. The chance of being a smoker was lower among Turkish men with short LOS in Turkey and middle LOS in Germany/the Netherlands compared to those with short LOS in Turkey and long LOS in Germany/the Netherlands (NL: OR = 0.57[95% CI = 0.36-0.89]; DE: OR = 0.73[95% CI = 0.56-0.95]). Contrary to that, the chance of being a smoker was higher among Turkish men with long LOS in Turkey and middle LOS in Germany/the Netherlands compared to those with long LOS in Turkey and long LOS in Germany/the Netherlands (NL: OR = 1.35[95% CI = 0.79-2.33]; DE: OR = 1.44[95% CI = 1.03-2.02]). The effects for Turkish women were similar, but smaller and often non-significant.
conclusionTurkish immigrants adapt their smoking behaviour towards that of the Dutch/German majority population with increasing duration of stay. This was particularly obvious among those who left Turkey before the age of 18 years - a group that needs tailored interventions to prevent further increases in smoking. Those who left Turkey as adults and spent a short time in the host countries show 'imported' smoking patterns. A limitation of this study is the use of cross-sectional data: a cohort effect cannot be ruled out. Our findings have to be confirmed with longitudinal data.
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